[MCN] Established and future inevitable trend toward novel ecoystems as of 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021

[Lance Olsen]

2008

“Most ecosystems are now sufficiently altered in structure and function to qualify as novel systems, and this recognition should be the starting point for ecosystem management efforts. …. Attempts to return systems to within their historical range of biotic and abiotic characteristics and processes may not be possible, and management activities directed at removing undesirable features of novel ecosystems may perpetuate or create such ecosystems. 

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2008
Management of novel ecosystems: are novel approaches required? 
Timothy R Seastedt 1* , Richard J Hobbs 2 , and Katharine N Suding3

OPEN ACCESS pdf
https://cmapsconverted.ihmc.us/rid=1K7PBRF5R-28J007L-2J7/Seastedt%202008%20novel%20approaches.pdf <https://cmapsconverted.ihmc.us/rid=1K7PBRF5R-28J007L-2J7/Seastedt%202008%20novel%20approaches.pdf>

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2009

“Many ecosystems are rapidly being transformed into new, non-historical configurations owing to a variety of local and global changes. We discuss how new systems can arise in the face of primarily biotic change (extinction and/or invasion), primarily abiotic change (e.g. land use or climate change) and a combination of both. Some changes will result in hybrid systems retaining some original characteristics as well as novel elements, whereas larger changes will result in novel systems, which comprise different species, interactions and functions. We suggest that these novel systems will require significant revision of conservation and restoration norms and practices away from the traditional place-based focus on existing or historical assemblages.”

Trends in Ecology and Evolution August 14, 2009
Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration 
Richard J. Hobbs1 , Eric Higgs2 and James A. Harris3

OPEN ACCESS pdf
https://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1K7PBR9LC-1318ZTM-2J2/Hobbs%25202009%2520novel%2520ecosystems.pdf <https://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1K7PBR9LC-1318ZTM-2J2/Hobbs%25202009%2520novel%2520ecosystems.pdf>

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2011

“Large changes in ecosystems will usually result in novel systems, comprising different species, interactions and functions [116,117]. In this context, it is important to realize that both the recent tendency towards accepting perennial, global change driven changes to the environment and the increasing application of the BEF framework to ecological restoration may facilitate the acceptance of using non-native species in forest restoration. While many ecologists still consider autochthony of species a prerequisite for their use in ecological restoration [see e.g. [118]], a focus on species’ functions rather than on species’ origins is already advocated by others [119] as being a “more dynamic and pragmatic approach to the conservation and management of species”. In this sense, the BEF approach may be at the source of a paradigm shift in restoration ecology [120].”

BMC Ecology Published: 24 November 2011 <https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29#article-info>
Forest restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Raf Aerts <https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29#auth-Raf-Aerts> & Olivier Honnay <https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29#auth-Olivier-Honnay> 

OPEN ACCESS pdf
https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29.pdf <https://bmcecol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29.pdf>
108k Accesses
156 Citations

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2014

“Ecologists have developed terminology to distinguish ecosystems based on the degree of human alteration. To this end, ecosystems can be characterized as “novel ecosystems,” “impacted ecosystems,” or “designed ecosystems,” depending on the role of human management in ecosystem development and effects on ecosystem properties. Properly classifying an ecosystem as novel, impacted, or designed has critical implications for its conservation and management, but a broadly applicable definition for a “novel ecosystem” does not exist. We have provided a formal definition of “novel ecosystem” that facilitates its use in practical applications and have described four characteristics of such an ecosystem. A novel ecosystem can be identified by its origins rooted in human agency, the ecological thresholds it has crossed, a significantly altered species composition, and a capacity to sustain itself. Ecosystem classification in the literature has been inconsistent. We have illustrated the application of our definition using multiple case studies representing impacted, designed, and novel ecosystems.

Ecology and Society 2014
Novel ecosystems in the Anthropocene: a revision of the novel ecosystem concept for pragmatic applications.

Morse, N. B., P. A. Pellissier, E. N. Cianciola, R. L. Brereton, M. M. Sullivan, N. K. Shonka, T. B. Wheeler, and W. H. McDowell. 

OPEN access
http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06192-190212 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06192-190212>

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2016
“We contend that traditional approaches to forest conservation and management will be inadequate ... in the 21st century. New approaches ... acknowledge that change is inevitable and sometimes irreversible, and that maintenance of ecosystem services depends in part on novel ecosystems, i.e., species combinations with no analog in the past.”
Forest Ecology and Management 360 (2016) 80–96 
Review and synthesis 
Achievable future conditions as a framework for guiding forest conservation and management 
S.W. Golladay a,, K.L. Martin b, J.M. Vose b, D.N. Wear b, A.P. Covich c, R.J. Hobbs d, K.D. Klepzig e, G.E. Likens f,g, R.J. Naiman h, A.W. Shearer i 
OPEN ACCESS pdf
https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/2016/ja_2016_martin_001.pdf <https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/2016/ja_2016_martin_001.pdf>
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2018		
“Our results indicate that terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature change and suggest that, without major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems worldwide are at risk of major transformation.”
Science 31 August 2018		
Nolan et al. Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change. 

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5360 <https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5360>
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2021

“Previous studies have shown that a mix of different species leads to higher productivity than single species forests. However, "this study emphasizes that it is not just the number of species but the specific differences in their functional traits that is important," said Dr. Franca J. Bongers, a postdoc researcher at IBCAS and first author of the study.
https://phys.org/news/2021-11-forests-high-functional-diversity-productivity.html <https://phys.org/news/2021-11-forests-high-functional-diversity-productivity.html>
Nature Ecology & Evolution (2021
Franca J. Bongers et al, Functional diversity effects on productivity increase with age in a forest biodiversity experiment, ). DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01564-3 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01564-3>

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“The most painful and expensive way to deal with global climate change will be to ignore it until something happens that elicits powerful public demands for immediate and Draconian action.”
 
Jonathan Lash. “As the earth heats up. “  
Journal of Commerce, August 16, 1996.




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