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when?</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Verdana"><b>100% clean and renewable wind, water, and
sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United
States</b><br>
Mark Z. Jacobson, Mark A. Delucchi, Guillaume Bazouin, Zack A. F.
Bauer, Christa C. Heavey, Emma Fisher, Sean B. Morris, Diniana J. Y.
Piekutowski, Taylor A. Vencill and Tim W. Yeskoo </font><br>
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<div><font face="Verdana"><i>Energy and Environmental
Science</i> 2015, Advance Article</font></div>
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<div><font face="Verdana">Abstract</font></div>
<div><font
face="Verdana"
>http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/ee/c5ee01283j#!di<span
></span>vAbstract</font></div>
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<div><font face="Verdana">This study presents roadmaps for each of the
50 United States to convert their all-purpose energy systems (for
electricity, transportation, heating/cooling, and industry) to ones
powered entirely by wind, water, and sunlight (WWS). The plans
contemplate 80-85% of existing energy replaced by 2030 and 100%
replaced by 2050. Conversion would reduce each state's end-use power
demand by a mean of 39.3% with 82.4% of this due to the efficiency of
electrification and the rest due to end-use energy efficiency
improvements. Year 2050 end-use U.S. all-purpose load would be met
with 30.9% onshore wind, 19.1% offshore wind, 30.7% utility-scale
photovoltaics (PV), 7.2% rooftop PV, 7.3% concentrated solar power
(CSP) with storage, 1.25% geothermal power, 0.37% wave power, 0.14%
tidal power, and 3.01% hydroelectric power. Based on a parallel grid
integration study, an additional 4.4% and 7.2% of power beyond that
needed for annual loads would be supplied by CSP with storage and
solar thermal for heat, respectively, for peaking and grid stability.
Over all 50 states, converting would provide 3.9 million 40-year
construction jobs and 2.0 million 40-year operation jobs for the
energy facilities alone, the sum of which would outweigh the 3.9
million jobs lost in the conventional energy sector. Converting would
also eliminate 62000 (19000-115000) U.S. air pollution premature
mortalities per year today and 46000 (12000-104000) in 2050,
avoiding $600 ($85-$2400) bil. per year (2013 dollars) in 2050,
equivalent to 3.6 (0.5-14.3) percent of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic
product. Converting would further eliminate $3.3 (1.9-7.1) tril. per
year in 2050 global warming costs to the world due to U.S. emissions.
These plans will result in each person in the U.S. in 2050 saving $260
(190-320) per year in energy costs ($2013 dollars) and U.S. health
and global climate costs per person decreasing by $1500 (210-6000)
per year and $8300 (4700-17600) per year, respectively. The new
footprint over land required will be 0.42% of U.S. land. The spacing
area between wind turbines, which can be used for multiple purposes,
will be 1.6% of U.S. land. Thus, 100% conversions are technically and
economically feasible with little downside. These roadmaps may
therefore reduce social and political barriers to implementing
clean-energy policies.</font><br>
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>
"The most likely way the climate could be influenced by either
natural or artificial means seems to be through a trigger mechanism
that ultimately changes the radiation balance .... the burning of
fossil fuels would presumably lead to more absorption of long-wave
terrestrial radiation in the atmosphere and consequently to greater
heating."<br>
<br>
Abraham Oort. "The Energy Cycle of the
Earth,"</font></div>
<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000"><i>Scientific
American</i>. September 1970<br>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">"The
molecule of carbon dioxide has strong absorption bonds, particularly
in the infrared region of the spectrum at wavelengths of from 12 to 18
microns. This is the spectral region where most of the thermal energy
radiating from earth to space is concentrated. By increasing the
absorption of this radiation ... the carbon dioxide reduces the amount
of heat energy lost by earth to outer space."<br>
<br>
Fred S. Singer, "Human Energy Production as a process in the
biosphere,"</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#000000"><i>Scientific American</i>, September 1970.<br>
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