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--></style><title>Rivers' restoration: Restore big in-river wood: 5
referenc</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#000000"><b>1-</b><i>Journal of Applied Ecology</i> 2007 44,
1145-1155<br>
© 2007 British Ecological Society<br>
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01401.x<br>
<br>
<b>The use of large wood in stream restoration: experiences from 50
projects in Germany and Austria<br>
</b>JOCHEM KAIL*, DANIEL HERING*, SUSANNE MUHAR_, MARC GERHARD_ and
SABINE PREIS_<br>
<br>
*University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Hydrobiology, D-45117
Essen, Germany<br>
<br>
_-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
Department Water-Atmosphere-Environment, A-1180 Vienna, Austria<br>
<br>
y-Institute for Landscape Planning and Nature Conservation,
Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany<br>
<br>
<b>Key-words</b>: alpine streams, lowland streams, monitoring,
mountain streams, passive restoration, restoration success,
soft-engineering, woody debris<br>
<br>
<b>Summary<br>
<br>
</b>1.Wood is increasingly used in restoration projects to improve the
hydromorphological and ecological status of streams and rivers.
However, despite their growing importance, only a few of these
projects are described in the open literature. To aid practitioners,
we conducted a postal mail survey to summarize the experiences gained
in central Europe and compile data on 50 projects.<br>
<br>
2.Our results indicated the potential for improvement from an
ecological point of view, as the number and total wood volume, and the
median volume of single wood structures placed in the streams per
project, were low compared with the potential natural state. Moreover,
many wood structures were placed nearly parallel to the water flow,
reducing their beneficial effect on stream hydraulics and
morphology.<br>
<br>
3. Restoration success has been monitored in only 58% of the projects.
General conclusions drawn include the following. (i) The potential
effects of wood placement must be evaluated within a watershed and
reach-scale context. (ii) Wood measures are most successful if they
mimic natural wood. (iii) Effects of wood structures on stream
morphology are strongly dependent on conditions such as stream size
and hydrology. (iv) Wood placement has positive effects on several
fish species. (v) Most projects revealed a rapid improvement of the
hydromorphological status.<br>
<br>
4.Most of the wood structures have been fixed, called 'hard
engineering'. However, soft engineering methods (use of non-fixed wood
structures) are known to result in more natural channel features for
individual stream types, sizes and sites, and are significantly more
cost-effective.<br>
<br>
5.Synthesis and applications. Large wood has been used successfully in
several projects in central Europe, predominantly to increase the
general structural complexity using fixed wood structures. Our results
recommend the use of less costly soft engineering techniques
(non-fixed wood structures), higher amounts of wood, larger wood
structures and improved monitoring programmes for future restoration
projects comparable with those in this study. We recommend the use of
'passive restoration' methods (restoring the process of wood
recruitment on large scales) rather than 'active restoration'
(placement of wood structures on a reach scale), as passive
restoration avoids the risk of non-natural amounts or diversity of
wood loading developing within streams. Local, active placement of
wood structures must be considered as an interim measure until passive
restoration methods have increased recruitment sufficiently.<br>
<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010">========================================<br>
<b>2-</b><i> Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i> 35,
618-625 (2010)<br>
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br>
Published online 11 March 2010 in Wiley InterScience (</font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#003C9F"><u>www.interscience.wiley.com</u></font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#101010">)<br>
DOI: 10.1002/esp.1966<br>
<br>
<b>Large in-stream wood studies: a call for common metrics<br>
</b>Ellen Wohl,1 Daniel A. Cenderelli,2 Kathleen A. Dwire,3 Sandra E.
Ryan-Burkett,3 Michael K. Young4 and Kurt D. Fausch5<br>
<br>
1-Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
CO, USA<br>
2-USDA Forest Service, Stream Systems Technology Center, Fort Collins,
CO, USA</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#101010">3-USDA
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO,
USA<br>
4-USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry
Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT, USA<br>
5-Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA<br>
<br>
Received 16 October 2009; Accepted 2 November 2009 *Correspondence to:
Ellen Wohl, Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523-1482, USA. E-mail:</font><font face="Lucida Grande"
size="-1" color="#003C9F"><u> ellenw@cnr.colostate.edu<br>
<br>
</u></font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010">ABSTRACT: During the past decade, research on large
in-stream wood has expanded beyond North America's Pacific Northwest
to diverse environments and has shifted toward increasingly holistic
perspectives that incorporate processes of wood recruitment,
retention, and loss at scales from channel segments to entire
watersheds. Syntheses of this rapidly expanding literature can be
facilitated by agreement on primary variables and methods of
measurement. In this paper we address these issues by listing the
variables that we consider fundamental to studies of in-stream wood,
discussing the sources of variability in their measurement, and
suggesting more consistency in future studies. We recommend 23
variables for all studies of in-stream wood, as well as another 12
variables that we suggest for studies with more specific objectives.
Each of these variables relates either to the size and characteristics
of in-stream wood, to the geomorphic features of the channel and
valley, or to the ecological characteristics of the riparian zone
adjacent to the study reach. The variables were derived from an
overview of those cited in the literature and from our collective
field experiences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#000000">----------------------------------------------------<br
>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#141213"><b>3-</b><i>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms<br>
</i>Large woody debris in a mountain stream of the Chilean
Andes 1675<br>
<i>Earth Surf. Process. Landforms</i> 32, 1675-1692 (2007)<br>
Published online 18 September 2007<br>
DOI: 10.1002/esp.1593<br>
<br>
<b>Characteristics, distribution and geomorphic role of large woody
debris in a mountain stream of the Chilean Andes<br>
</b>Andrea Andreoli, Francesco Comiti* and Mario Aristide Lenzi<br>
<br>
<i>Department of Land and Agroforest Environments, University of
Padova, Viale dell'Università No. 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy<br>
<br>
</i><b>Abstract<br>
</b>The paper presents an analysis of amounts, characteristics and
morphological impact of large woody debris (LWD) in the Tres Arroyos
stream, draining an old-growth forested basin (9·1 km2) of the
Chilean Southern Andes. Large woody debris has been surveyed along a
1·5 km long channel section with an average slope of 0·07 and a
general step-pool/cascade morphology. Specific wood storage is very
high (656 -710 m3 ha-1), comparable to that recorded in old-growth
forested basins in the Pacific Northwest. Half of the LWD elements
were located on the active floodplain, and around two-thirds of LWD
elements were found in accumula- tions. Different types of log jam
were observed, some heavily altering channel morphology (log-steps and
valley jams), while others just line the channel edges (bankfull bench
jams). Log-steps represent approximately 22% of all steps, whereas the
elevation loss due to LWD (log-steps and valley jams) results in 27%
loss of the total stream potential energy. About 1600 m3 of sediment
is stored in the main channel behind LWD structures, corresponding to
approximately 150% of the annual sediment yield.<br>
<br>
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br>
Keywords: large woody debris; channel morphology; valley jams;
log-steps; Andes<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#000000">------------------------------------------------------<br
>
<b>4-</b><i> River Research and Applications</i> (2011)<br>
Published online in Wiley Online Library (</font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#003C9F"><u>wileyonlinelibrary.com</u></font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">)<br>
DOI: 10.1002/rra.1532<br>
<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#101010">A
LIDAR-DERIVED EVALUATION OF WATERSHED-SCALE LARGE WOODY DEBRIS SOURCES
AND RECRUITMENT MECHANISMS: COASTAL MAINE, USA<br>
A. KASPRAK,a* F. J. MAGILLIGAN,b K. H. NISLOWc and N. P. SNYDERd<br>
<br>
a Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755, USA<br>
b Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
03755, USA<br>
c USDA Northern Research Station, Amherst, Massachusetts 01103,
USA</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#101010">d Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill,
Massachusetts 02467, USA<br>
<br>
ABSTRACT<br>
In-channel large woody debris (LWD) promotes quality aquatic habitat
through sediment sorting, pool scouring and in-stream nutrient
retention and transport. LWD recruitment occurs by numerous ecological
and geomorphic mechanisms including channel migration, mass wasting
and natural tree fall, yet LWD sourcing on the watershed scale remains
poorly constrained. We developed a rapid and spatially extensive
method for using light detection and ranging data to do the following:
(i) estimate tree height and recruitable tree abundance throughout a
watershed; (ii) determine the likelihood for the stream to recruit
channel-spanning trees at reach scales and assess whether mass wasting
or channel migration is a dominant recruitment mechanism; and (iii)
understand the contemporary and future distribution of LWD at a
watershed scale. We utilized this method on the 78 km-long Narraguagus
River in coastal Maine and found that potential channel-spanning LWD
composes approximately 6% of the valley area over the course of the
river and is concentrated in spatially discrete reaches along the
stream, with 5 km of the river valley accounting for 50% of the total
potential LWD found in the system. We also determined that 83% of all
potential LWD is located on valley sides, as opposed to 17% on
floodplain and terrace surfaces. Approximately 3% of channel-spanning
vegetation along the river is located within one channel width of the
stream. By examining topographic and morphologic variables (valley
width, channel sinuosity, valley-side slope) over the length of the
stream, we evaluated the dominant recruitment processes along the
river and often found a spatial disconnect between the location of
potential channel-spanning LWD and recruitment mechanisms, which
likely explains the low levels of LWD currently found in the system.
This rapid method for identification of LWD sources is extendable to
other basins and may prove valuable in locating future restoration
projects aimed at increasing habitat quality through wood
additions.<br>
<br>
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br>
key words: large woody debris; lidar; river restoration;
habitat</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">
Received 5 November 2010; Revised 16 March 2011; Accepted 30 March
2011<br>
-------------------------------------------------<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010"><b>5-</b><i> Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i>
36, 1137-1151 (2011)<br>
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br>
Published online 1 March 2011 in Wiley Online Library (</font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#003C9F"><u>wileyonlinelibrary.com</u></font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#101010">)<br>
<br>
DOI: 10.1002/esp.2135<br>
<b>Distribution and characterization of in-channel large wood in
relation to geomorphic patterns on a low-gradient river<br>
</b>Bertrand Moulin,1 Edward R. Schenk2* and Cliff R. Hupp2<br>
<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">1 AEMGEO -
University of Lyon</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010">, CNRS UMR 5600 ? Environnement Ville et Société,
Site of École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 15 Parvis René
Descartes, BP 7000, 69342, Lyon cedex 07, France<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">2 US
Geological Survey</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010">, 12205 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 20192, USA<br>
Received 30 August 2010; Revised 5 January 2011; Accepted 10 January
2011<br>
<br>
* Correspondence to: E. R. Schenk, US Geological Survey, 12205 Sunrise
Valley Dr., Reston, VA 20192, USA. E?mail:</font><font
face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#003C9F"><u>
eschenk@usgs.gov<br>
<br>
</u></font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1"
color="#101010">ABSTRACT: A 177 river km georeferenced aerial survey
of in-channel large wood (LW) on the lower Roanoke River, NC was
conducted to determine LW dynamics and distributions on an eastern USA
low-gradient large river. Results indicate a system with approximately
75% of the LW available for transport either as detached individual LW
or as LW in log jams. There were approximately 55 individual LW per
river km and another 59 pieces in log jams per river km. Individual LW
is a product of bank erosion (73% is produced through erosion) and is
isolated on the mid and upper banks at low flow. This LW does not
appear to be important for either aquatic habitat or as a human risk.
Log jams rest near or at water level making them a factor in bank
complexity in an otherwise homogenous fine-grained channel. A
segmentation test was performed using LW frequency by river km to
detect breaks in longitudinal distribution and to define homogeneous
reaches of LW frequency. Homogeneous reaches were then analyzed to
determine their relationship to bank height, channel width/depth,
sinuosity, and gradient. Results show that log jams are a product of
LW transport and occur more frequently in areas with high snag
concentrations, low to intermediate bank heights, high sinuosity, high
local LW recruitment rates, and narrow channel widths. The largest
concentration of log jams (21.5 log jams/km) occurs in an actively
eroding reach. Log jam concentrations downstream of this reach are
lower due to a loss of river competency as the channel reaches sea
level and the concurrent development of unvegetated mudflats
separating the active channel from the floodplain forest. Substantial
LW transport occurs on this low-gradient, dam-regulated large river;
this study, paired with future research on transport mechanisms should
provide resource managers and policymakers with options to better
manage aquatic habitat while mitigating possible negative impacts to
human interests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">--<br>
<br>
</font></div>
<x-sigsep><pre>--
</pre></x-sigsep>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-2"
color="#4A4944">======================================<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">Professor Tim
Benton, Research Dean in the Faculty of Biological Sciences and
co-author of the research, said:<b> "We are increasingly finding
that</b> the appropriate area needed to best manage biodiversity is
greater than the area managed by individuals - the same is true of
farms within the countryside -<b> and so the biggest challenge is to
find ways that help neighbours to co-operate. <br>
</b><u
>http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/695/gardeners_must_unite_to_save<span
></span>_britains_wildlife</u></font></div>
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