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--></style><title>Milestones in climate science: What we've long
known</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande" size="+1" color="#262626"><b>Climate
Science Milestones Leading To 1965 PCAST Report</b></font></div>
<div><font
face="Lucida Grande"><b
>http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6264/1046.full</b></font></div>
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1824:</b> French mathematician Joseph Fourier reasons that Earth would
be colder in the absence of an atmosphere, describing the foundations
of the greenhouse effect.</font></div>
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<b>1856:</b> Eunice Foote's unpublished research on the absorption of
radiant energy by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere is
read at the 10th AAAS Annual Meeting in Albany, New York.</font></div>
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<b>1861:</b> Irish physicist John Tyndall finds that gases such as
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane trap heat efficiently,
whereas oxygen and nitrogen gases do not.</font></div>
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<b>1896:</b> Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish physicist, chemist, and 1903
Nobel Prize winner, estimates that a doubling of atmospheric carbon
dioxide would raise Earth's temperature by 5 to 6 degrees Celsius,
averaged across all latitudes.</font></div>
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<b>1938:</b> English engineer Guy Stewart Callendar determines that a
half-century of fuel combustion has added 150,000 million tons of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.</font></div>
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<b>1957:</b> Former AAAS president Roger Revelle and Austrian
geochemist Hans Suess show that absorption of atmospheric carbon
dioxide by the ocean is slower than previously believed.</font></div>
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<b>1958:</b> American chemist Charles David Keeling begins recording
concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory
in Hawaii, confirming an increasing trend in atmospheric CO2.
Observations at Mauna Loa continue today.</font></div>
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<b>1965:</b> The President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology (PCAST) report on environmental pollution to President
Lyndon B. Johnson cautions that the accumulation of atmospheric carbon
dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels would "almost certainly
cause significant changes" to the environment.</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande">(Sources: The Office of Science and
Technology Policy, American Institute of Physics, Scripps Institution
of Oceanography)</font></div>
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</font><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000">"Controlled
capitalism Š had been a truly colossal success. From the end of the
Second World War until the mid-1970s the American and European
economies were uplifted by many years of rapid growth, bringing
affluence from the relatively few to almost all."<br>
<br>
"In the late 1970s the tendency to control capitalism was
abruptly reversed."<br>
<br>
" Š the most striking feature of our turbo-capitalist times, the
hollowing-out of democratic governance over the economy."<br>
<br>
</font><font face="Lucida Grande" size="-1" color="#000000">Edward
Luttwak,<i> Turbo-Capitalism.</i><br>
1998 in Great Britain by Weidenfeld & Nicolson.<br>
1999 in the U.S. by Harper Collins.<br>
ISBN 0-06-019330-1</font></div>
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