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system</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Verdana">"Direct effects of climatic warming can
be understood through fatal decrements in an organism's performance in
growth, reproduction, foraging, immune competence, behaviors and
competitiveness. Performance in animals is supported by aerobic scope,
the increase in oxygen consumption rate from resting to maximal (9).
Performance falls below its optimum during cooling and warming. At
both upper and lower pejus temperatures, performance decrements result
as the limiting capacity for oxygen supply causes hypoxemia (4, 8)
(see the figure, left). Beyond low and high critical temperatures,
only a passive, anaerobic existence is possible."<br>
<br>
Hans O. Pörtner and Anthony P. Farrell. Physiology and Climate
Change.<i> SCIENCE</i> 31 OCTOBER 2008<x-tab>
</x-tab>VOL 322</font></div>
<div><font
face="Verdana">=====================================================</font
></div>
<div><font face="Verdana">" Š organisms have a physiological
response to temperature, and these responses have important
consequences Š. biological rates and times (e.g. metabolic rate,
growth, reproduction, mortality and activity) vary with
temperature.<br>
<br>
Anthony I. Dell, Samraat Pawar and Van M. Savage. Temperature
dependence of trophic interactions are driven by asymmetry of species
responses and foraging strategy.<i> Journal of Animal Ecology</i>
2013<x-tab>
</x-tab></font></div>
<div><font
face="Verdana">=====================================================</font
></div>
<div><font face="Verdana">"Between 1C and 2C increases in global
mean temperatures most species, ecosystems and landscapes will be
impacted and adaptive capacity will become limited."<br>
<br>
Rik Leemans and Bas Eickhout. Another reason for concern: regional and
global impacts on ecosystems for different levels of climate
change.<i> Global Environmental Change</i> 14 (2004)
219-228</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana">=====================</font><font
face="Lucida Grande">================================</font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande"> "This review Š
deals exclusively with observed responses of wild biological species
and systems Š. "<br>
<br>
"A surprising result is the high proportion of species responding
to recent, relatively mild climate change (global average warming of
0.6 C)."</font><br>
<font face="Lucida Grande"></font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande">Camille Parmesan. "Ecological and
Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change."<i> Annual Review
of Ecol. Evol. & Systematics </i> 2006.
37:637-69</font></div>
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