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--></style><title>Gravel-bed rivers' big role in glaciated
valleys</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande">Science Advances 24 Jun
2016:<br>
Vol. 2, no. 6, e1600026<br>
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600026</font><br>
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<div><font face="Lucida Grande"><b>Keywords</b><br>
Gravel-bed rivers -- floodplains complexity -- connectivity --
biodiversity -- hydrogeomorphic disturbance -- coupled
natural and human systems -- ecosystem conservation<br>
<br>
<b>Abstract (Open access) (Bold added)</b><br>
<b>http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/6/e1600026.full</b></font><br
>
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<div><font face="Lucida Grande">Gravel-bed river floodplains in
mountain landscapes disproportionately concentrate diverse habitats,
nutrient cycling, productivity of biota, and species interactions.<b>
Although stream ecologists know</b> that river channel and floodplain
habitats used by aquatic organisms are maintained by hydrologic
regimes that mobilize gravel-bed sediments,<b> terrestrial ecologists
have largely been unaware of the importance of floodplain structures
and processes to the life requirements of a wide variety of
species</b>. We provide insight into gravel-bed rivers as the
ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes.<b> We show why
gravel-bed river floodplains are the primary arena where interactions
take place among aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species from microbes
to grizzly bears and provide essential connectivity as corridors for
movement for both aquatic and terrestrial species. Paradoxically,
gravel-bed river floodplains are also disproportionately unprotected
where human developments are concentrated.</b> Structural
modifications to floodplains such as roads, railways, and housing and
hydrologic-altering hydroelectric or water storage dams have severe
impacts to floodplain habitat diversity and productivity, restrict
local and regional connectivity, and reduce the resilience of both
aquatic and terrestrial species, including adaptation to climate
change.<b> To be effective, conservation efforts in glaciated mountain
landscapes intended to benefit the widest variety of organisms need a
paradigm shift that has gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains as the
central focus and that prioritizes the maintenance or restoration of
the intact structure and processes of these critically important
systems throughout their length and breadth.</b><br>
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><font color="#1A1A1A"><br>
</font><font color="#000000">"'Friends," said he, 'the taxes
are indeed very heavy, and, if those laid on by the government were
the only ones we had to pay, we might more easily discharge them; but
we have many others, and much more grievous to some of us. We are
taxed twice as much by our idleness, three times as much by our pride,
and four times as much by our folly ....
" <br>
<br>
"Away then with your expensive follies, and you will not then
have so much cause to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and
chargeable families ....
" <br>
<br>
"Here you are all got together at this sale of fineries and
knick-knacks. You call them goods; but, if you do not take care, they
will prove evils to some of you."<br>
<br>
Benjamin Franklin, "The Way to Wealth" (<b>1758</b>).<br>
[The classic Franklin summary of his advice from Poor Richard's
Almanac.]<br>
<br>
</font><font
color="#0040C2"><u
>http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/52-fra.html</u></font
></font></div>
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<div><font face="Cambria" size="-2" color="#000000"><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size="-2" color="#000000">"A new area
of study is the field that some of us are beginning to call<i> social
traps.</i> The term refers to situations in society that contain traps
formally like a fish trap, where men or whole societies get themselves
started in some direction or some set of relationships that later
prove to be unpleasant or lethal and that they see no easy way to back
out of or to avoid."<br>
<br>
John Platt. Social Traps.<i> American Psychologist</i>, August
1973<br>
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<div><font face="Verdana" size="-2" color="#000000"><br>
AMBIO</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-2" color="#000000">DOI
10.1007/s13280-013-0419-1<br>
<br>
REVIEW<br>
The Historical Dynamics of Social-Ecological Traps<br>
Wiebren J. Boonstra, Florianne W. de Boer<br>
<br>
Keywords<br>
Social-ecological traps</font><font face="Apple Symbols" size="-2"
color="#000000"> _</font><font face="Verdana" size="-2"
color="#000000"> Path dependency</font><font face="Apple Symbols"
size="-2" color="#000000"> _</font><font face="Verdana" size="-2"
color="#000000"> Agricultural involution</font><font
face="Apple Symbols" size="-2" color="#000000"> _</font><font
face="Verdana" size="-2" color="#000000"> Gilded trap<br>
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"the paper conceptualizes social-ecological traps as a process
instead of a condition"</font></div>
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<br>
Abstract<br>
Environmental degradation is a typical unintended outcome of
collective human behavior. Hardin's metaphor of the ''tragedy of the
commons'' has become a conceived wisdom that captures the social
dynamics leading to environmental degradation. Recently, ''traps'' has
gained currency as an alternative concept to explain the rigidity of
social and ecological processes that produce environmental degradation
and livelihood impoverishment. The trap metaphor is, however, a great
deal more complex compared to Hardin's insight. This paper takes stock
of studies using the trap metaphor. It argues that the concept
includes time and history in the analysis, but only as background
conditions and not as a factor of causality. From a
historical-sociological perspective this is remarkable since
social-ecological traps are clearly path-dependent processes, which
are causally produced through a conjunction of events. To prove this
point the paper conceptualizes social-ecological traps as a process
instead of a condition, and systematically compares history and timing
in one classic and three recent studies of social- ecological traps.
Based on this comparison it concludes that conjunction of social and
environmental events contributes profoundly to the production of trap
processes. The paper further discusses the implications of this
conclusion for policy intervention and outlines how future research
might generalize insights from historical-sociological studies of
traps.</font><br>
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