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--></style><title>Big flood in Yellowstone-> surge of
cottonwoods-> bison ge</title></head><body>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande"><i>Ecohydrology</i> 29
August 2016 <b> Early View</b> Online Version of Record published
before inclusion in an issue</font></div>
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<div><font face="Lucida Grande"><b>The influence of floods and
herbivory on cottonwood establishment and growth in Yellowstone
National Park</b></font></div>
<div><font face="Lucida Grande">Joshua R. Rose, J.
Cooper</font></div>
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<div><font face="Lucida Grande">Abstract<b> [Bold
added]</b></font></div>
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>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eco.1768/full</font></div>
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Herbivory by ungulates can shape the structure and function of
riparian forests. However, our understanding of the interactions
between herbivores and cottonwoods (<i>Populus</i> spp.) is largely
derived from studies of domestic livestock grazing and may not reflect
free ranging herds of wild ungulates. In this study, we quantified the
influence of stream hydrologic regime and herbivory by wild ungulates
on cottonwood establishment and growth along three rivers in
Yellowstone National Park's northern range.</font></div>
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Approximately 1.36 of the existing 1.37 million cottonwoods
representing<b> approximately 66% of the cottonwood stand area in
Yellowstone's northern range was established between 1995 and 2008 by
the largest flood sequence in recorded history.</b> Coincidentally,
the flood sequence began in the years immediately following wolf
(<i>Canis lupus</i>) reintroduction to Yellowstone National Park. The
flows caused large-scale channel changes and provided suitable habitat
for cottonwood seedling establishment and survival. Over 92% of the
cottonwoods occurred along the Lamar River, and recruitment along this
river appears to follow infrequent large peak flows. Soda Butte Creek
and the Gardner River cottonwoods exhibited nearly annual
recruitment.<b> The resulting cottonwood biomass from the flooding
events has exceeded herbivore demand. Even at relatively low
consumption rates, bison are able to remove a significant proportion
of total cottonwood production in the study areas limiting plant
height and forage available to wintering elk.</b> We conclude that the
large cottonwood recruitment event that began in the late 1990s was
due to a rare series of large snowmelt-driven floods.</font></div>
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<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000">"Mammals in
the study region face an uncertain future. The negative impact of
drought, the short-lived nature of post-drought recovery and, now, the
possibility of a new drought beginning forewarn of further declines.
The stark contrast between the optimal and current fire-age
distributions means that reducing the incidence of further fires is
critical to enhance the capacity of native mammal communities to
weather an increasingly turbulent climate."</font></div>
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<div><font face="Arial" color="#000000">Susannah Hale</font><font
color="#000000"> et al.<font face="Arial"> Fire and climatic extremes
shape mammal distributions in a fire-prone landscape,<i> Diversity and
Distributions,</i> Early View - Online Version of Record before
inclusion in an issue. August 24, 2016 </font><font
face="Bookman Old Style" size="-1">
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.12471/full</font></font
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