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--></style><title>Chickens make it to the Washington Post: Smart
birds?</title></head><body>
<div><font size="-2"
color="#000000"
>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2017/01/13/chickens-<span
></span>changed-the-world-so-why-do-we-ignore-them</font></div>
<div><font size="-2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div>Excerpts</div>
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<div>Five-day-old chicks display basic addition and subtraction
abilities. Hens have demonstrated transitive inference, or the ability
to deduce that if A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C, then A is
bigger than C. That's considered a milestone for 7-year-old
children.</div>
<div><font size="-2" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Chickens' food calls are among about two
dozen vocalizations that convey distinct meanings, and using them is
called "referential communication."</font><br>
<font color="#000000"></font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">"When we found it in monkeys many years
ago, it was a big thing. We didn't think other animals are capable
of referential communication," said Marino, whose paper was
published in the journal Animal Cognition. "Now we're seeing a lot
of parallels between chickens and a lot of the mammals that we think
of as very intelligent."<font size="-2"><br>
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<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1"
color="#000000"
>=-------------------------------------------------------------------<span
></span>-------------------------------------=</font></div>
<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000">"Oxygen in the
atmosphere might be reduced several percent below the present level
without adverse effects."</font></div>
<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000">"Free oxygen
not only supports life; it arises from life. The oxygen now in the
atmosphere is probably mainly, if not wholly, of biological
origin."<br>
<br>
Preston Cloud and Aharon Gibor. The Oxygen Cycle. </font></div>
<div><font face="Geneva" size="-1" color="#000000">Scientific
American, September 1970</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1"
color="#000000"
>=-------------------------------------------------------------------<span
></span>-------------------------------------=</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">"We found
that tree mortality rates increased by an overall average of 4.7%yr
from 1963 to 2008, with higher mortality rate increases in western
regions than in eastern regions (about 4.9 and 1.9% yr ,
respectively). The water stress created by regional drought may be the
dominant contributor to these widespread increases in tree mortality
rates across tree species, sizes, elevations, longitudes and
latitudes. Western Canada seems to have been more sensitive to drought
than eastern Canada" (Peng et al 2011).</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1"
color="#000000"
>********************************************************************<span
></span>****</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">"We contend
that traditional approaches to forest conservation and management will
be inadequate given the predicted scale of social-economic and
biophysical changes in the 21st century."</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">Forest Ecology and
Management Accepted 7 October 2015</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">Review and
synthesis<br>
Achievable future conditions as a framework for guiding forest
conservation and management</font></div>
<div><font face="Verdana" size="-1" color="#000000">S.W. Golladay,
K.L. Martin, J.M. Vose, D.N. Wear, A.P. Covich, R.J. Hobbs, K.D.
Klepzig, G.E. Likens, R.J. Naiman, A.W. Shearer </font></div>
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