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pollinators</title></head><body>
<div>Conservation Biology February 2017</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>The city as a refuge for insect pollinators</div>
<div>Damon M. Hall et al</div>
<div><br></div>
<div>Abstract<b> Open Access</b></div>
<div> <b>[bold emphasis added]</b></div>
<div>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12840/abstract</div
>
<div><br></div>
<div>Research on urban insect pollinators is changing views on the
biological value and ecological importance of cities. The<b> abundance
and diversity of native bee species in urban landscapes that are
absent in nearby rural lands</b> evidence the biological value and
ecological importance of cities and have implications for biodiversity
conservation. Lagging behind this revised image of the city are urban
conservation programs that historically have invested in education and
outreach rather than programs designed to achieve high-priority
species conservation results. We synthesized research on urban bee
species diversity and abundance to determine how urban conservation
could be repositioned to better align with new views on the ecological
importance of urban landscapes. Due to insect pollinators'
relatively small functional requirements-habitat range, life cycle,
and nesting behavior-relative to larger mammals, we argue that
pollinators put high-priority and high-impact urban conservation
within reach.<b> In a rapidly urbanizing world</b>, transforming how
environmental managers view the city can improve citizen engagement
and contribute to the development of more sustainable
urbanization.</div>
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"Direct effects of climatic warming can be understood through
fatal decrements in an organism's performance in growth, reproduction,
foraging, immune competence, behaviors and competitiveness.
Performance in animals is supported by aerobic scope, the increase in
oxygen consumption rate from resting to maximal (9). Performance falls
below its optimum during cooling and warming. At both upper and lower
pejus temperatures, performance decrements result as the limiting
capacity for oxygen supply causes hypoxemia. Beyond low and high
critical temperatures, only a passive, anaerobic existence is
possible."<br>
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Portner and Farrell. Physiology and Climate Change. Science
October 31 2008<br>
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"We are living on the surface of this planet Š and with its
climate and atmosphere. It has always been the task of mankind to find
the right answer to the problem these conditions set us, and even
today we cannot think that we have found a sufficient answer." (p.
131)<br>
<br>
Alfred Adler, quoted in The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler,
Heinz L. and Rowena R. Ansbacher, eds. 1956. Basic Books<br>
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