<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" id="sci-article-author-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Benton Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="pane-content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="693175" id="node693175" data-pisa="sci;356/6335/258" data-pisa-master="sci;356/6335/258" data-apath="/sci/356/6335/258.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-jnl-sci-article clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><header class="article__header" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px;"><div class="overline" style="font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(202, 32, 21); text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><cite style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none; box-sizing: inherit;" class="">Science </cite><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;" class="">21 Apr 2017:</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none; box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;" class="">Vol. 356, Issue 6335, pp. 258-259</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none; box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;" class="">DOI: 10.1126/science.356.6335.258</span></div><div class="overline" style="font-size: 0.75rem; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(202, 32, 21); text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE</div><h1 class="article__headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 18px 0px 7.5px; line-height: 1.3; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><div class="highwire-cite-title" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" class="">Ecosystem Earth</font></div></h1><div class="collapsed article__expandable-area" style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px;"><div class="article byline byline--article" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem;"><div class="highwire-markup" style="box-sizing: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;" class=""><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; font-size: 0.875rem; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="name" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sacha Vignieri</span>, </li><li class="last" id="contrib-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: left;">Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink et al</li></ol></div></div></div></div></div></header></div></div></div></div><div class="tabbed pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs tabbed--article panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed panel-pane" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px; clear: both; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Benton Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul class="inline tabs panels-ajax-tab tabbed__list" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; width: 699px; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between;"><li class="last" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin: 3.75px 0px 0px 3.75px; -webkit-box-flex: 0; flex: 0 1 auto; text-align: center;"></li></ul></div><div class="article__body panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word; min-width: 0%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Benton Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="pane-content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_sci_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_sci_tab_art" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="clearfix panel-display panel-1col" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="panel-col panel-panel" style="box-sizing: inherit; width: 699px;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit;" class=""><div class="pane-highwire-markup panel-pane" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="pane-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div class="highwire-markup" style="box-sizing: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="content-block-markup" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" data-highwire-glossary-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;" class=""><div class="article nonresearch-content fulltext-view" style="box-sizing: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 14px;"></span><figure class="type-figure fig figure odd nonresearch-content pos-float" id="F1" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; max-width: 50%; min-width: auto; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; clear: right; border: 0px; padding: 0px; color: gray; float: right;"><div class="highwire-figure figure__head" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="fig-inline" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="hw-responsive-img" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 14px;"><img class=" fragment-image lazyloaded" data-src="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/356/6335/258/F1.medium.gif" style="box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px auto; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 200ms; display: block;" apple-inline="yes" id="3BD0A50B-EE4C-49C1-B478-FEDAFDB4CE69" src="cid:C66DF5BB-4747-4A02-B4E3-5BC6859B2F81@PK5001Z"></span></div></div><figcaption class="attrib fig-caption" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; flex-flow: row wrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 262.125px; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 75%; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">These critically endangered animals, part of the Photo Ark project, are just a tiny fraction of the millions of species that share the planet. Human activities are dominating consumption of planetary resources, jeopardizing the functioning of the ecosystem that we call Earth.</span></div><q class="attrib" id="attrib-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; quotes: none; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 25%; color: rgb(179, 179, 179); text-align: right; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">PHOTOS: JOEL SARTORE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE</span></q><div class="sb-div caption-clear" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both;"></div></figcaption></figure><p id="p-2" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 15px 0px; width: 699px; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">An ecosystem consists of communities of interacting species and the physical environment on which they depend. Although it is well accepted that Earth consists of many different ecosystems, human societies much less readily recognize that Earth itself is an ecosystem, dependent on interacting species and consisting of finite resources. As the human population has grown and increasingly dominated available resources, “ecosystem Earth” has begun to show increasing signs of stress. Loss of biodiversity, environmental degradation, and conflict over resources among the dominant species are typical signs that a biological system is nearing a state change, which could range from collapse of the dominant species, to development of alternative biological communities, to collapse of the entire system. In this special issue, we identify our impacts on ecosystem Earth, seek to understand the barriers to change, and explore potential solutions. Decades of research on ecosystem dynamics can help to guide our thinking about a sustainable future. Bottom-up reductions in human population growth and resource consumption, changes to how we think about our place in the system, and a willingness to prioritize persistence of the other species within our biological community will lead to a healthier planetary ecosystem. It is essential that humanity begins to better appreciate our role as just one part of a large and interdependent biological community. Our ability to dominate the planet's resources makes us directly responsible for determining the future of the ecosystem on which we, and all other forms of life, depend.</span></p><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><h2 id="ecosystem-earth--2" class="overline ecosystem-earth toc-heading" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(202, 32, 21); text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);">ECOSYSTEM EARTH</h2><ul class="item-list toc-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; min-width: 0%; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);"><li class="issue-toc-section issue-toc-section-reviews" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-top-width: 0px; padding: 0px; min-width: 0%; margin-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px;"><h2 id="reviews" class="reviews overline toc-heading" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(202, 32, 21); text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;">REVIEWS</h2><ul class="item-list toc-section" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; min-width: 0%;"><li class="first odd toc-item" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-top-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; min-width: 0%;"><div class="toc-citation" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="693196" id="node693196" data-pisa="sci;356/6335/260" data-pisa-master="sci;356/6335/260" data-apath="/sci/356/6335/260.atom" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><article class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-jnl-sci-toc clearfix media media--citation highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; min-width: 0%;"><div class="media__body" style="box-sizing: inherit; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 class="highwire-cite-title-wrapper media__headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.2; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7.5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/260" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;"><div class="highwire-cite-title media__headline__title" style="box-sizing: inherit;">The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection</div></a></h3><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class="">BY <span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0" style="box-sizing: inherit;">EILEEN CRIST</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1" style="box-sizing: inherit;">CAMILO MORA</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ROBERT ENGELMAN</span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">SCIENCE</em><time style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;" class="">21 APR 2017</time> : 260-264 <span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="sci;356/6335/260" data-atom-uri="/sci/356/6335/260.atom" data-request-view="full" style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;"><span class="no-access fa-lock fa highwire-access-icon-no-access highwire-access-icon" title="Restricted Access" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px);"></span><span class="highwire-access-icon element-invisible highwire-access-icon-no-access" style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute !important; width: 0px !important; height: 0px !important; max-width: 1px !important; max-height: 1px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;"></span></span></div><ul class="media__links variant-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 7.5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: disc; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 0 100%; font-size: 0.75rem; display: flex; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; flex-direction: row;"><li class="first abstract" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/260.abstract" class="variant-abstract highwire-variant-link " title="Abstract" rel="alternate" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px; display: block; padding: 0px;">Abstract</a></li><li class="full-textpdf last" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/260" class="">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/260</a></li></ul></div></article></div></div></li><li class="toc-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 15px 0px; min-width: 0%;"><div class="toc-citation" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="693184" id="node693184" data-pisa="sci;356/6335/265" data-pisa-master="sci;356/6335/265" data-apath="/sci/356/6335/265.atom" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><article class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-jnl-sci-toc clearfix media media--citation highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; min-width: 0%;"><div class="media__body" style="box-sizing: inherit; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 class="highwire-cite-title-wrapper media__headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.2; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7.5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/265" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;"><div class="highwire-cite-title media__headline__title" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Ecosystem management as a wicked problem</div></a></h3><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class="">BY <span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0" style="box-sizing: inherit;">RUTH DEFRIES</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1" style="box-sizing: inherit;">HARINI NAGENDRA</span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">SCIENCE</em><time style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;" class="">21 APR 2017</time> : 265-270 <span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="sci;356/6335/265" data-atom-uri="/sci/356/6335/265.atom" data-request-view="full" style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;"><span class="no-access fa-lock fa highwire-access-icon-no-access highwire-access-icon" title="Restricted Access" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px);"></span><span class="highwire-access-icon element-invisible highwire-access-icon-no-access" style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute !important; width: 0px !important; height: 0px !important; max-width: 1px !important; max-height: 1px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;"></span></span></div><ul class="media__links variant-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 7.5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: disc; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 0 100%; font-size: 0.75rem; display: flex; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; flex-direction: row;"><li class="first abstract" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/265.abstract" class="variant-abstract highwire-variant-link " title="Abstract" rel="alternate" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px; display: block; padding: 0px;">Abstract. </a><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/265" style="font-size: 0.75rem;" class="">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/265</a></li><li class="full-textpdf last" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"></li></ul></div></article></div></div></li><li class="odd toc-item" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 15px 0px; min-width: 0%;"><div class="toc-citation" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="693195" id="node693195" data-pisa="sci;356/6335/270" data-pisa-master="sci;356/6335/270" data-apath="/sci/356/6335/270.atom" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><article class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-jnl-sci-toc clearfix media media--citation highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; min-width: 0%;"><div class="media__body" style="box-sizing: inherit; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 class="highwire-cite-title-wrapper media__headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.2; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7.5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/270" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;"><div class="highwire-cite-title media__headline__title" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene</div></a></h3><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class="">BY <span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0" style="box-sizing: inherit;">CHRISTOPHER N. JOHNSON</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ANDREW BALMFORD</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2" style="box-sizing: inherit;">BARRY W. BROOK</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3" style="box-sizing: inherit;">JESSIE C. BUETTEL</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4" style="box-sizing: inherit;">MAURO GALETTI</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5" style="box-sizing: inherit;">LEI GUANGCHUN</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6" style="box-sizing: inherit;">JANET M. WILMSHURST</span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">SCIENCE</em><time style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;" class="">21 APR 2017</time> : 270-275 <span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="sci;356/6335/270" data-atom-uri="/sci/356/6335/270.atom" data-request-view="full" style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;"><span class="no-access fa-lock fa highwire-access-icon-no-access highwire-access-icon" title="Restricted Access" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; 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display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/270.abstract" class="variant-abstract highwire-variant-link " title="Abstract" rel="alternate" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px; display: block; padding: 0px;">Abstract </a><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/270" style="font-size: 0.75rem;" class="">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/270</a></li><li class="full-text" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><br class=""></li><li class="full-textpdf last" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"></li></ul></div></article></div></div></li><li class="toc-item last even" style="box-sizing: inherit; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 15px 0px 0px; min-width: 0%; margin-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px;"><div class="toc-citation" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="693187" id="node693187" data-pisa="sci;356/6335/275" data-pisa-master="sci;356/6335/275" data-apath="/sci/356/6335/275.atom" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s;"><article class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-jnl-sci-toc clearfix media media--citation highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; min-width: 0%;"><div class="media__body" style="box-sizing: inherit; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 class="highwire-cite-title-wrapper media__headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.3125rem; line-height: 1.2; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7.5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/275" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;"><div class="highwire-cite-title media__headline__title" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Beyond the roots of human inaction: Fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation</div></a></h3><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class="">BY <span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0" style="box-sizing: inherit;">ELISE AMEL</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1" style="box-sizing: inherit;">CHRISTIE MANNING</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2" style="box-sizing: inherit;">BRITAIN SCOTT</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3" style="box-sizing: inherit;">SUSAN KOGER</span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; width: 664.656px; font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', 'DIN Alternate', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: inherit;" class="">SCIENCE</em><time style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;" class="">21 APR 2017</time> : 275-279 <span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="sci;356/6335/275" data-atom-uri="/sci/356/6335/275.atom" data-request-view="full" style="box-sizing: inherit; white-space: nowrap; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-left: 7.5px; padding-left: 7.5px;"><span class="no-access fa-lock fa highwire-access-icon-no-access highwire-access-icon" title="Restricted Access" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px);"></span><span class="highwire-access-icon element-invisible highwire-access-icon-no-access" style="box-sizing: inherit; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute !important; width: 0px !important; height: 0px !important; max-width: 1px !important; max-height: 1px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important;"></span></span></div><ul class="media__links variant-list" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 7.5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: disc; -webkit-box-flex: 1; flex: 1 0 100%; font-size: 0.75rem; display: flex; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; flex-direction: row;"><li class="first abstract" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/275.abstract" class="variant-abstract highwire-variant-link " title="Abstract" rel="alternate" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(55, 88, 138); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px; display: block; padding: 0px;">Abstract. </a><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/275" style="font-size: 0.75rem;" class="">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/275</a></li><li class="full-textpdf last" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; padding: 0px 1.5em 0px 0px; border-right-width: 0px; line-height: 1;"></li></ul></div></article></div></div></li></ul></li></ul><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div>===============================================<br class="">"All organisms live within a limited range of body temperatures …. Direct effects of climatic warming can be understood through fatal decrements in an organism's performance in growth, reproduction, foraging, immune competence, behaviors and competitiveness. Performance in animals is supported by aerobic scope, the increase in oxygen consumption rate from resting to maximal ….<br class=""><br class="">"At both upper and lower pejus temperatures, performance decrements result as the limiting capacity for oxygen supply causes hypoxemia. Beyond low and high critical temperatures, only a passive, anaerobic existence is possible."<br class=""><br class="">Hans O. Pörtner and Anthony P. Farrell. Physiology and Climate Change. SCIENCE 31 OCTOBER 2008 VOL 322<br class="">========================================================================================<br class="">“ … organisms have a physiological response to temperature, and these responses have important consequences …. biological rates and times (e.g. metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, mortality and activity) vary with temperature. <br class=""><br class="">Anthony I. Dell, Samraat Pawar and Van M. Savage, Temperature dependence of trophic interactions are driven by asymmetry of species responses and foraging strategy.<br class=""><br class="">Journal of Animal Ecology 2013<br class="">===================================================================================================<br class="">“Climate change impacts have now been documented across every ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only ~1°C so far. Here, we describe the full range and scale of climate change effects on global biodiversity that have been observed in natural systems. To do this, we identify a set of core ecological processes (32 in terrestrial and 31 each in marine and freshwater ecosystems) that underpin ecosystem functioning and support services to people. Of the 94 processes considered, 82% show evidence of impact from climate change in the peer-reviewed literature.</div><div><br class="">Scheffers et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science, 11 NOVEMBER 2016</div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">===============================================<br class="">"All organisms live within a limited range of body temperatures …. Direct effects of climatic warming can be understood through fatal decrements in an organism's performance in growth, reproduction, foraging, immune competence, behaviors and competitiveness. Performance in animals is supported by aerobic scope, the increase in oxygen consumption rate from resting to maximal ….<br class=""><br class="">"At both upper and lower pejus temperatures, performance decrements result as the limiting capacity for oxygen supply causes hypoxemia. Beyond low and high critical temperatures, only a passive, anaerobic existence is possible."<br class=""><br class="">Hans O. Pörtner and Anthony P. Farrell. Physiology and Climate Change. SCIENCE 31 OCTOBER 2008 VOL 322<br class="">========================================================================================<br class="">“ … organisms have a physiological response to temperature, and these responses have important consequences …. biological rates and times (e.g. metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, mortality and activity) vary with temperature. <br class=""><br class="">Anthony I. Dell, Samraat Pawar and Van M. Savage, Temperature dependence of trophic interactions are driven by asymmetry of species responses and foraging strategy.<br class=""><br class="">Journal of Animal Ecology 2013<br class="">===================================================================================================<br class="">“Climate change impacts have now been documented across every ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only ~1°C so far. Here, we describe the full range and scale of climate change effects on global biodiversity that have been observed in natural systems. To do this, we identify a set of core ecological processes (32 in terrestrial and 31 each in marine and freshwater ecosystems) that underpin ecosystem functioning and support services to people. Of the 94 processes considered, 82% show evidence of impact from climate change in the peer-reviewed literature.</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br class="">Scheffers et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science, 11 NOVEMBER 2016</div>
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