<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="cit-section cit-first-element" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-biologicalsciences first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;"><abbr title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" class="site-title" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">PNAS</abbr><span class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span class="cit-print-date" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">2017 </span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">; </span><span class="cit-ahead-of-print-date" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-ahead-of-print-date" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">published ahead of print </span>May 1, 2017<span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-ahead-of-print-date" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></span><span class="cit-doi" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-doi" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">doi:</span>10.1073/pnas.1611855114</span></span></span><div class=""><span class="cit-section cit-first-element" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-biologicalsciences first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;">Biological Sciences<span class="subtitle-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"> - </span></span><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-ecology last-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Ecology</span></span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-section" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">:</span><span class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span class="cit-title" style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; color: rgb(0, 55, 103); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br class=""></span><span class="cit-title" style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; color: rgb(0, 55, 103); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Effects of habitat disturbance on tropical forest biodiversity</span><ul class="cit-auth-list" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none outside none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li class="first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">John Alroy</span></li></ul><div class="" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><font color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;"><br class=""></span></font></div><div class="" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><div class="significance-box executive-summary" style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 1.5em; border: 2px solid rgb(54, 115, 159); outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-top-left-radius: 20px; border-top-right-radius: 20px; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; border: medium none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;">Significance</h2><p id="p-3" class="" style="margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Biologists believe that a major mass extinction is happening in the tropics. Destruction of forests is a key reason. However, there are no solid predictions of the percentage of species that will go extinct as more and more forests are disturbed. This paper provides estimates based on extrapolating the respective numbers of species in disturbed and undisturbed habitats. It uses a large global database of species inventories at particular sites. Trees and 10 groups of animals are analyzed. All the disturbed habitats put together include 41% fewer species than the undisturbed forests. This proportion varies among groups but is always substantial. Furthermore, disturbed local communities are dominated by widespread species such as rats and electric ants.</p></div><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-2" style="margin: 17px 0px 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; border-width: medium 0px 0px; border-top-style: none; outline-style: none; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 24px; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;">Abstract</h2><div class=""><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/04/25/1611855114.abstract" class="">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/04/25/1611855114.abstract</a></div><p id="p-4" class="" style="margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">It is widely expected that habitat destruction in the tropics will cause a mass extinction in coming years, but the potential magnitude of the loss is unclear. Existing literature has focused on estimating global extinction rates indirectly or on quantifying effects only at local and regional scales. This paper directly predicts global losses in 11 groups of organisms that would ensue from disturbance of all remaining tropical forest habitats. The results are based on applying a highly accurate method of estimating species richness to 875 ecological samples. About 41% of the tree and animal species in this dataset are absent from disturbed habitats, even though most samples do still represent forests of some kind. The individual figures are 30% for trees and 8–65% for 10 animal groups. Local communities are more robust to disturbance because losses are partially balanced out by gains resulting from homogenization.</p></div><ul class="kwd-group" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; border-top-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.833em; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 2; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none outside none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="kwd-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=deforestation&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 164); cursor: pointer;">deforestation</a></span></li> <li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="kwd-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=lambda-5+index&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 164); cursor: pointer;">lambda-5 index</a></span></li> <li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="kwd-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=mass+extinction&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 164); cursor: pointer;">mass extinction</a></span></li> <li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="kwd-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=multiton+subsampling&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 164); cursor: pointer;">multiton subsampling</a></span></li> <li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border: none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="kwd-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=species+extinction&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 164); cursor: pointer;">species extinction</a></span></li></ul><div class=""><li class="kwd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.25em; border: none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.4; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><br class=""></li></div></div></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">============================================================================<br class=""><br class="">“The individual scientist can survive for a long time by lying low in the valley of specialized intellectual interest ... We in science must get up and face the wind, confront the future.” <br class=""><br class="">William Bevan, “The Sound of the Wind That’s Blowing.”<br class=""><br class="">American Psychologist. July 1976<br class=""><br class="">=======================</div>
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