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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal">The
Redistribution of Life on Earth: A mini-anthology</p><p class="MsoNormal">Lance
Olsen</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">“Climate
change is not a new topic in biology...... Observations
of range shifts in parallel with climate change ... date
back to the mid-1700s.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">“This review … deals exclusively
with observed responses of wild biological species and systems.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>“A
surprising result is the high proportion of species
responding to recent, relatively mild
climate change (global average warming of 0.6 C).”</p><p class="MsoNormal">Parmesan. Ecological
and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change.
The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2006</p><p class="MsoNormal">***************************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal">"Conservationists
must therefore assess both current and future distributions of species.” </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p class=""> </o:p>Araújo
and Rahbek. How does climate change affect biodiversity? Science 2006.</p><p class="MsoNormal">****************************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal">“Using
a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of species have recently
shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to
higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade. These rates
are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported” </p><p class="MsoNormal">Chen
et al. Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate
Warming. Science 2011</p><p class="MsoNormal">***************************************************
</p><p class="MsoNormal">“Collectively,
the results foreshadow twenty-first-century changes in forest structures and
compositions …. towards distributions unfamiliar to modern civilization.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">Williams
et al. Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and
tree mortality. Nature Climate Change 2012</p><p class="MsoNormal">***************************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal">“The
rate of warming implies … range shifts of up to several kilometers per
year, raising the prospect of daunting challenges for ecosystems …”</p><p class="MsoNormal">Diffenbaugh
and Field. Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions.
Science. 2013</p><p class="MsoNormal">********************************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal">“
… when all other variables were
held constant, animals living in regions that exhibited low vegetation
greenness (i.e. mean annual NDVI c. 0.06) had a predicted migration distance of
206 km and animals in regions with relatively high vegetation greenness (i.e.
mean annual NDVI c. 0.80) had a predicted migration distance roughly one-tenth
as large.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">Teitelbaum
et al. How far to go? Determinants of migration distance in land mammals.
Ecology Letters. 2015 </p><p class="MsoNormal">**********************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal"> “Human society has yet to appreciate the
implications of unprecedented species redistribution for life on Earth,
including for human lives.”</p><div style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;" class="">Pecl
et al. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems
and human well-being. Science 2017</div><div style="margin: 0.1pt 0in;" class="">*****************************************</div><p class="MsoNormal">“What
can be said with assurance is that there is a unique and nearly ubiquitous
compound, with the empirical formula <b class="">H</b>(2960)<b class="">O</b>(1480)<b class="">C</b>(1480)<b class="">N</b>(16)<b class="">P</b>(1.8)<b class="">S </b>called living matter. Its synthesis, on an oxidized and
uncarboxylated earth, is the most intricate feat of chemical engineering ever
performed – and the most delicate operation that people have ever tampered
with.”</p><p class="MsoNormal">Edward
S. Deevey, Jr. Mineral Cycles. Scientific American, September 1970</p></div></body></html>