<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(102, 0, 153); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(102, 0, 153);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6211/851" class="">Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to ...<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6211/851" class="">science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6211/851</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(26, 13, 171); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(26, 13, 171);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);" class="">by DM Romps - 2014 - <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS737US737&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=5026018929789738915" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(26, 13, 171); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(26, 13, 171);" class="">Cited by 100</span></a> - <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS737US737&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:o5-BcJYBwEV1qM:scholar.google.com/" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(26, 13, 171); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(26, 13, 171);" class="">Related articles</span></a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Romps et al. constructed a proxy based on the energy available to make air </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">rise</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> in the atmosphere and on precipitation rates to model the </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">frequency</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> of </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">lightning</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> ...</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); min-height: 11px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(102, 0, 153); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(102, 0, 153);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141113-climate-change-lightning-atmosphere-science/" class="">Climate Change May Spark More Lightning Strikes, Igniting Wildfires<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/.../141113-climate-change-lightning-atmosphere-scienc" class="">news.nationalgeographic.com/.../141113-climate-change-lightning-atmosphere-scienc</a>..</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><font face="Arial" class=""><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(128, 128, 128); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Nov 15, 2014 - </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">The </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">frequency</b></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> of </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">lightning</b></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> flashes could </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">rise</b></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> by an estimated 50 percent across the continental U.S. over the next century, researchers report …</span></font></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: inherit; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">But the news isn't all bad—more lightning could also trim the atmosphere's methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</font></h2><div style="font-family: Arial;" class=""><br class=""></div></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30023536" style="font-size: 18px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(102, 0, 153); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">Climate change 'will make lightning strike more' - BBC News</a></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30023536" class="">www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30023536</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);" class="">Nov 13, 2014 - </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Global warming will significantly </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">increase</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> the </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">frequency</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> of </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">lightning</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> strikes, according to US research.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); min-height: 11px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(102, 0, 153); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(102, 0, 153);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a href="https://www.aaas.org/news/science-global-warming-may-increase-frequency-us-lightning-strikes" class="">Science: Global Warming May Increase Frequency of U.S. Lightning ...<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 102, 33); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 102, 33); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://www.aaas.org/.../science-global-warming-may-increase-frequency-us-lightning" class="">https://www.aaas.org/.../science-global-warming-may-increase-frequency-us-lightning</a>...</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(84, 84, 84); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);" class="">Nov 13, 2014 - </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">As the world gets hotter, </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">lightning</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> strikes will </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">increase</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> by about 12% for every 1 degree Celsius </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class=""><b class="">rise</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> in global average air temperature, a new …</span></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br class=""><div class="">“The most painful and expensive way to deal with global climate change will be to ignore it until </div><div class="">something happens that elicits powerful public demands for immediate and Draconian action.”</div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Jonathan Lash.</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">“As the earth heats up. “ </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Journal</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">of Commerce</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">, August 16, 1996.</span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">———————————————————————————————————----------------------</span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">“Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state </span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">to another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that </span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">the global ecosystem as a whole can react in the same way and is approaching a </span></div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">planetary-scale </span>critical transition as a result of human influence."</div><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""><br class="">Barnovsky et al. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature Volume 486, 07 June 2012<br class=""><br class="">doi:10.1038/nature11018<br class=""><br class=""></span></div></div></div>
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