<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="cit-metadata" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="cit-section cit-first-element" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-physicalsciences first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;"><abbr title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" class="site-title" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">PNAS</abbr><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> </span><span class="cit-print-date" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">2017 </span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">; </span><span class="cit-ahead-of-print-date" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-ahead-of-print-date" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">published ahead of print </span>August 21, 2017<span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-ahead-of-print-date" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></span><span class="cit-doi" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-doi" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">doi:</span>10.1073/pnas.1706201114</span></span></span></div><div class="cit-metadata" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="cit-section cit-first-element" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-physicalsciences first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;">Physical Sciences<span class="subtitle-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"> - </span></span><span class="hw-pub-subtitle-sustainabilityscience last-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Sustainability Science</span></span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-section" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">:</span></div><div class="cit-metadata" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br class=""><span class="cit-title" style="margin: 0.2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; color: rgb(0, 55, 103);">US cities can manage national hydrology and biodiversity using local infrastructure policy</span><ul class="cit-auth-list" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none outside none;"><li class="first-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Ryan A. McManamay</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Sujithkumar Surendran Nair</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Christopher R. DeRolph</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Benjamin L. Ruddell</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">April M. Morton</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Robert N. Stewart</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Matthew J. Troia</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Liem Tran</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;" class=""><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Hyun Kim</span><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">, </span></li><li class="last-item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="cit-sep cit-sep-last-separator" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">and </span><span class="cit-auth-type-author cit-auth" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Budhendra L. Bhaduri</span></li></ul><cite style="margin: 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;" class=""><br class=""></cite></div><div class="cit-extra" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="significance-box executive-summary" style="margin: 1em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 1.5em; border: 2px solid rgb(54, 115, 159); outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-top-left-radius: 20px; border-top-right-radius: 20px; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal;"><h2 class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; border: medium none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;">Significance</h2><p id="p-5" style="margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">We introduce a unique and detailed data-driven approach that links cities’ hard infrastructures to their distal ecological impacts on streams. Although US cities concentrate most of the nation’s population, wealth, and consumption in roughly 5% of the land area, we find that city infrastructures influence habitats for over 60% of North America’s fish, mussel, and crayfish species and have contributed to local and complete extinctions in 260 species. We also demonstrate that city impacts are not proportionate to city size but reflect infrastructure decisions; thus, as US urbanization trends continue, local government and utility companies have opportunities to improve regional aquatic ecosystem conditions outside city boundaries through their hard infrastructure policies.</p></div><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-2" style="margin: 17px 0px 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; border-width: medium 0px 0px; border-top-style: none; outline-style: none; line-height: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal;"><h2 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;" class=""><font size="4" class="">Abstract [Open access]</font></h2><p id="p-6" style="margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/08/15/1706201114.abstract" class="">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/08/15/1706201114.abstract</a></p><p id="p-6" style="margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline-style: none; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">Cities are concentrations of sociopolitical power and prime architects of land transformation, while also serving as consumption hubs of “hard” water and energy infrastructures. These infrastructures extend well outside metropolitan boundaries and impact distal river ecosystems. We used a comprehensive model to quantify the roles of anthropogenic stressors on hydrologic alteration and biodiversity in US streams and isolate the impacts stemming from hard infrastructure developments in cities. Across the contiguous United States, cities’ hard infrastructures have significantly altered at least 7% of streams, which influence habitats for over 60% of North America’s fish, mussel, and crayfish species. Additionally, city infrastructures have contributed to local extinctions in 260 species and currently influence 970 indigenous species, 27% of which are in jeopardy. We find that ecosystem impacts do not scale with city size but are instead proportionate to infrastructure decisions. For example, Atlanta’s impacts by hard infrastructures extend across four major river basins, 12,500 stream km, and contribute to 100 local extinctions of aquatic species. In contrast, Las Vegas, a similar size city, impacts <1,000 stream km, leading to only seven local extinctions. So, cities have local policy choices that can reduce future impacts to regional aquatic ecosystems as they grow. By coordinating policy and communication between hard infrastructure sectors, local city governments and utilities can directly improve environmental quality in a significant fraction of the nation’s streams reaching far beyond their city boundaries.</p></div></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br class=""> “Access to more capital makes bigger crises feasible: every now and then, somewhere in the world, one is going to happen. <br class=""><br class="">“Is this because the same mistakes are made again and again, or is each crisis unique? The answer is yes to both : each </div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">crisis is unique, and the same mistakes are made again and again.”</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br class="">The Economist, “A cruel sea of capital : A survey of global finance,” May 3rd, 2003.</div></div></div>
</div>
<br class=""></body></html>