<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">"If we do not act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions forcefully prior to the 2020 election, costs "to reduce emissions at a magnitude and timing consistent with averting dangerous human interference with the climate will skyrocket," said </span><a target="_blank" href="https://me.engin.umich.edu/people/faculty/steve-skerlos" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 136, 204); text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s linear; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">Steven Skerlos</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">, U-M professor of mechanical engineering. "That will only make the inevitable shift to renewable energy less effective in maintaining a stable climate system throughout the lives of children already born.”</span><div class=""><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#333333" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#333333" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Quote from press release, here:</span></font></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/uom-bec101117.php" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/uom-bec101117.php</a></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">Findings as reported in Environmental Science & Technology ( A journal of the American Chemical Society)</div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><div id="citation" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 10px 0px 0px;" class=""><cite class="">Environ. Sci. Technol.</cite>, <span class="citation_year" style="font-weight: bold;">2017</span>, <span class="citation_volume" style="font-style: italic;">51</span> (19), pp 10932–10942</div><div id="doi" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><strong class="">DOI: </strong>10.1021/acs.est.7b01295</div><div id="pubDate" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Publication Date (Web): September 14, 2017</div><div id="artCopyright" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold;" class="">Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society</div></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><h1 class="articleTitle" style="margin-top: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="hlFld-Title" style="font-size: 14px;">Analysis of Costs and Time Frame for Reducing CO<span style="vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">2</span> Emissions by 70% in the U.S. Auto and Energy Sectors by 2050</span></h1><div id="articleMeta" style="margin-top: 15px; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 30px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><div id="authors" style="font-size: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor"><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor"><a id="authors" href="http://pubs.acs.org/author/Supekar%2C+Sarang+D" style="color: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-size: 1em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 153);" class="">Sarang D. Supekar</a></span><span class="NLM_xref-aff"><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">†</span></span><span class="orcid-link-icon"> </span> and </span><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor"><span class="hlFld-ContribAuthor"><a id="authors" href="http://pubs.acs.org/author/Skerlos%2C+Steven+J" style="color: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-size: 1em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 153);" class="">Steven J. Skerlos</a></span><a class="ref" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.7b01295#cor1" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none;"><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">*</span></a><span class="NLM_xref-aff"><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">†</span></span><span class="NLM_xref-aff"><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">‡</span></span></span></div><div class="affiliations"><div id="aff1" class=""><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">†</span> Department of Mechanical Engineering, <span class="institution">University of Michigan</span>, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, <span class="country">United States</span></div><div id="aff2" class=""><span style="vertical-align: 0.4em; line-height: 0.8em;" class="">‡</span> Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, <span class="institution">University of Michigan</span>, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, <span class="country">United States</span></div></div></div></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">Summary</span></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class=""><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.7b01295" class="">http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.7b01295</a></span></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">"Using a least-cost optimization framework, it is shown that unless emissions reductions beyond those already in place begin at the latest by 2025 (±2 years) for the U.S. automotive sector, and by 2026 (−3 years) for the U.S. electric sector, 2050 targets to achieve necessary within-sector preventative CO</span><span style="vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height: 0.8em; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class=""> emissions reductions of 70% or more relative to 2010 will be infeasible. The analysis finds no evidence to justify delaying climate action in the name of reducing technological costs. Even without considering social and environmental damage costs, delaying aggressive climate action does not reduce CO</span><span style="vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height: 0.8em; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class=""> abatement costs even under the most optimistic trajectories for improvements in fuel efficiencies, demand, and technology costs in the U.S. auto and electric sectors. In fact, the abatement cost for both sectors is found to increase sharply with every year of delay beyond 2020. When further considering reasonable limits to technology turnover, retirements, and new capacity additions, these costs would be higher, and the feasible time frame for initiating successful climate action on the 70% by 2050 target would be shorter, perhaps having passed already. The analysis also reveals that optimistic business-as-usual scenarios in the U.S. will, conservatively, release 79–108 billion metric tons of CO</span><span style="vertical-align: -0.4em; line-height: 0.8em; font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 249, 253);" class="">. This could represent up to 13% of humanity’s remaining carbon budget through 2050."</span></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#333333" size="4" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#333333" size="4" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><div class=""><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#333333" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">
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