<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">PNAS published ahead of print September 5, 2018 </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807026115" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807026115<span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);"></span></a></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 16px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b class="">Linking economic growth pathways and environmental sustainability by understanding development as alternate social–ecological regimes</b></span></div><div class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Graeme S. Cumming and Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel</span></div><div class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 16px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><p class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b class="">Significance [ bold added ]</b></span></p><p class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our analysis shows that there are two distinct groups of national economies, roughly equating to developed and less developed countries. The economies of countries in each group are pushed toward two different equilibrium points by differences in the feedbacks between natural resource consumption, population growth, and gross domestic product.<font face="HelveticaNeue" class=""><b class=""> Both equilibrium points are unsustainable under population growth.</b> </font>The inertia that is generated by resource dependence means that extensive structural change in the economic system is required to achieve sustainable use of natural resources;<b class=""><font face="Arial" class=""> it is not possible to “develop to sustainability,” and many developed countries have simply externalized costs. Our results have profound implications for aid programs, human wellbeing, and development goals.</font></b></span></p><p class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b class="">Abstract [ bold added ]</b></span></p><p class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/09/04/1807026115" class=""><b class="">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/09/04/1807026115</b></a></span></p><p class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b class="">Scientists understand how global ecological degradation is occurring but not why it seems to be so difficult to reverse.</b> We used national-level data and a mathematical model to provide an empirical test of the hypothesis that national economies display two distinct economic regimes that are maintained by self-reinforcing feedbacks between natural resources and society. Our results not only support previous findings that two distinct groups exist, but also show that countries move toward one of these two different equilibrium points because of their <b class=""><font face="Arial" class="">different patterns of natural resource use and responses to population growth. </font></b>At the less economically developed equilibrium point maintained by “green-loop” feedbacks, human populations depend more directly on ecosystems for income. At the more economically developed equilibrium point maintained by “red-loop” feedbacks, nonecosystem services (e.g., technology, manufacturing, services) generate the majority of national gross domestic product (GDP), but increasing consumption of natural resources means that environmental impacts are higher and are often exported (via cross-scale feedbacks) to other countries. <b class=""><font face="Arial" class="">Feedbacks between income and population growth are pushing countries farther from sustainability. </font></b>Our analysis shows that economic growth alone cannot lead to environmental sustainability and that<b class=""> <font face="Arial" class="">current trajectories of resource use cannot be sustained without breaking feedback loops in national and international economies.</font></b></span></p><div class=""><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b class=""><br class=""></b></span></div><div class=""><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><font face="Helvetica" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">~~~~~~~~~~ </font> <b class=""><font face="Helvetica" class="">to save farms, forests, waters, wildlife, </font><font face="Helvetica" class="">and kids </font></b><font face="Helvetica" class=""> </font> <font face="Helvetica" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~</font></div><div class="" style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“... the report warns that we have reached a one-time “use it or lose it” moment <<<a href="https://newclimateeconomy.report/" class="">https://newclimateeconomy.report/</a>>>.</span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">The annual commission study … recommends an action plan that would include: </span><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">ramped up <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/carbon-pricing-making-the-invisible-visible_us_59df3468e4b069e5b833b26f" class=""><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">carbon pricing</span></a>, fossil fuel subsidy phase-outs, mandatory disclosure of climate-related financial risks</span><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">, </span><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">and a doubling of sustainable development banks to at least $100 billion per year by 2020,</span><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"> the same year that all Fortune 500 companies would have to set <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/" class=""><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">science-based climate targets</span></a>.</span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One of its authors, professor Nicholas Stern, the chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, said he is very optimistic that humanity can avoid dangerous global warming but is “greatly worried as to whether we will move fast enough to do so.”</span></div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; color: rgb(17, 85, 204); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(17, 85, 204);"><span class="" style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/runaway-climate-change-2030-report_us_5b8ecba3e4b0162f4727a09f" class="">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/runaway-climate-change-2030-report_us_5b8ecba3e4b0162f4727a09f<span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34);">============</div><div class="" style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div dir="auto" class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="" style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Verdana;">#3. Swallow hard — and raise the price of carbon. If we are to meet climate pledges made under the Paris climate agreement, the cost of emitting carbon dioxide must rise to $50–$100 per ton by 2030, dramatically higher than the current EU price of less than $6. <br class=""><br class="">Harvard Business Review<br class=""><a href="https://hbr.org/2018/01/climate-change-is-an-overwhelming-problem-here-are-4-things-executives-can-do-today" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://hbr.org/2018/01/climate-change-is-an-overwhelming-problem-here-are-4-things-executives-can-do-today&source=gmail&ust=1536349792316000&usg=AFQjCNFWBDxOgyHGuiX4wOzXgYTFnFtTEA" class="" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);">https://hbr.org/2018/01/<wbr class="">climate-change-is-an-<wbr class="">overwhelming-problem-here-are-<wbr class="">4-things-executives-can-do-<wbr class="">today</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Helvetica" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">~~~~~~~~~~ </font> <b class=""><font face="Helvetica" class="">to save farms, forests, waters, wildlife, </font><font face="Helvetica" class="">and kids </font></b><font face="Helvetica" class=""> </font> <font face="Helvetica" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~</font></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">“... the report warns that we have reached a one-time “use it or lose it” moment <<<a href="https://newclimateeconomy.report/" class="">https://newclimateeconomy.report/</a>>>.</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">The annual commission study … recommends an action plan that would include: </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">ramped up <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/carbon-pricing-making-the-invisible-visible_us_59df3468e4b069e5b833b26f" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">carbon pricing</span></a>, fossil fuel subsidy phase-outs, mandatory disclosure of climate-related financial risks</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">and a doubling of sustainable development banks to at least $100 billion per year by 2020,</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> the same year that all Fortune 500 companies would have to set <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">science-based climate targets</span></a>.</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">One of its authors, professor Nicholas Stern, the chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, said he is very optimistic that humanity can avoid dangerous global warming but is “greatly worried as to whether we will move fast enough to do so.”</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(17, 85, 204); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/runaway-climate-change-2030-report_us_5b8ecba3e4b0162f4727a09f" class="">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/runaway-climate-change-2030-report_us_5b8ecba3e4b0162f4727a09f<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">============</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div style="font-size: 14px; font-family: Verdana;" class="">#3. Swallow hard — and raise the price of carbon. If we are to meet climate pledges made under the Paris climate agreement, the cost of emitting carbon dioxide must rise to $50–$100 per ton by 2030, dramatically higher than the current EU price of less than $6. <br class=""><br class="">Harvard Business Review<br class=""><a href="https://hbr.org/2018/01/climate-change-is-an-overwhelming-problem-here-are-4-things-executives-can-do-today" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://hbr.org/2018/01/climate-change-is-an-overwhelming-problem-here-are-4-things-executives-can-do-today&source=gmail&ust=1536349792316000&usg=AFQjCNFWBDxOgyHGuiX4wOzXgYTFnFtTEA" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">https://hbr.org/2018/01/<wbr class="">climate-change-is-an-<wbr class="">overwhelming-problem-here-are-<wbr class="">4-things-executives-can-do-<wbr class="">today</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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