<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Ecological Economics — </span><span class="m_-2261388733034471255u-text-italic" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(50, 50, 50); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic !important;">In progress</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(50, 50, 50);" class=""> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(50, 50, 50);" class="">(February 2019). </span><span style="color: rgb(50, 50, 50); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">This issue is in progress but contains articles that are final and fully citable.</span><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><b class="">Can We Consume Less and Gain More? Environmental Efficiency of Wellbeing at the Individual Level </b></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Kelly A. Claborn, Jeremy S. Brooks </div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><b class="">Introduction </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">A key question for sustainability science is how to generate higher well-being by, or despite, reducing personal consumption </span>— an outcome known as the “double dividend” (Alfredsson et al., 2018; Jackson, 2005). The idea of the double dividend originated from studies suggesting that, beyond a certain level, increases in GDP or income have little impact on well-being, happiness, or life satisfaction (Costanza et al., 2009; Easterlin et al., 2009; Kahneman and Deaton, 2010; Layard, 2006). </div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Coupled with evidence of environmental degradation associated with economic growth and consumption (Steffen et al., 2007), these studies led scholars to explore how to increase well-being in a more environmentally responsible way. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">There are two broad perspectives on the relationship between consumption and well-being. </span>Whereas the conventional economic perspective suggests that individual well-being increases with additional consumption, some psychologists and sociologists have argued that increasing consumption can reduce well-being (Brown and Vergragt, 2016). </div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">To understand </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">when low consumption is associated with high well-being,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> it is important to examine (i) who has high well-being with a relatively small ecological footprint, (ii) what characteristics these individuals possess, and (iii) whether and how local conditions shape the relationship between consumption and well-being. </span></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Several studies have </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">examined which nations have high levels of well-being (hereafter referred to as WB) with relatively small ecological footprints </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">(hereafter referred to as EF) by calculating the environmental efficiency of well-being (EWEB) (Dietz et al., 2009; Knight and Rosa, 2011). </span></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><div><div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;" class="">********************* </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><b class="">Climate & living standards.</b></span><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;" class=""> **********************</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“Consumer expectations of ever-higher living standards were fuelled by more lenient and readily available bank lending, …. </span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“Social status and identity became closely associated with consumption, in particular with the concept of luxury. </span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">"Identifying oneself with the good life meant being able to live beyond traditional understandings of basic needs. Debt was the price one paid for the joys of being part of a hedonistic consumer culture.”</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Kenneth Dyson. The Morality of Debt. Foreign Affairs. May 3, 2015</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 105, 217);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-03/morality-debt" class="">https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-03/morality-debt</a></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">=========================</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“The American way of life is not negotiable.”</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">George H. W. Bush. 1992</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">==========================================================</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“The ecological systems upon which humans rely for life support are in crisis, and human behavior is the root cause. These problems are ... related to how humans meet their needs and wants in disruptive ways.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Elise Amel, Christie Manning, Britain Scott, Susan Koger</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Beyond the Roots of Human Inaction. Science 21 April 2017</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">————————————</span></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px;" class=""><div class="r" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/can-we-consume-less-without-wrecking-the-economy/a-45308242" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.dw.com/en/can-we-consume-less-without-wrecking-the-economy/a-45308242&ved=2ahUKEwilzrzOoazeAhXrrFQKHeHaBm8QFjAKegQIBhAB" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" class=""><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;">Can we consume less without wrecking the economy? | Environment ...</h3><br class=""><div class="TbwUpd" style="padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; display: inline-block;"><cite class="iUh30" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.dw.com/en/can-we-consume-less-without...the-economy/a-45308242</cite></div></a><div class="ab_ctl action-menu" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS737US737&ei=6U7XW5f-BcGG0wLev5hI&q=Can+We+Consume+Less+and+Gain+More%3F+ecological+economics&oq=Can+We+Consume+Less+and+Gain+More%3F+ecological+economics&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i299l2.17771.30785..32043...3.0..0.172.2779.7j17......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j35i39j33i22i29i30j33i160.wumhjb6uZKI#" id="am-b10" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwilzrzOoazeAhXrrFQKHeHaBm8Q7B0wCnoECAYQAg" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; background-image: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></span></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwilzrzOoazeAhXrrFQKHeHaBm8QqR8wCnoECAYQAw" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;" class=""><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qJWgaVUDjFEJ:https://www.dw.com/en/can-we-consume-less-without-wrecking-the-economy/a-45308242+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:qJWgaVUDjFEJ:https://www.dw.com/en/can-we-consume-less-without-wrecking-the-economy/a-45308242%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwilzrzOoazeAhXrrFQKHeHaBm8QIDAKegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"></a></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Sep 3, 2018 - </span>Environmentalists say our species' addiction to <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">consumption</span> is ... where, "<wbr class=""><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">Economic</span>activity <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">will gain</span> meaning not by achieving <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">economic</span> growth but ... "<wbr class="">Decoupling <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">economic</span> growth from resource use is <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">one</span> of the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(106, 106, 106);" class="">most</span> critical …</span></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: break-word;">=======================</span></div></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">"We are not able even to think adequately about the behavior that is at the annihilating edge."</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">R. D. Laing. Introduction, The Politics of Experience. </span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">1967, New York. Pantheon Books, a division of Random House</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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