<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43);" class="">By <a href="https://grist.org/author/kate-yoder/" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97);" class="">Kate Yoder</span></a> </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://grist.org/article/the-trees-say-f-you-why-teens-are-cursing-about-climate-change/" class="">https://grist.org/article/the-trees-say-f-you-why-teens-are-cursing-about-climate-change/</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; text-align: center; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43); min-height: 12px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><b class="">1st 3 paragraphs</b></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Young people in Germany, Argentina, the United States, and basically everywhere walked out of school last Friday as part of the Youth Climate Strike, voicing their frustration and anger that older generations have failed to act on climate change. And their raised voices included f-bombs — <a href="https://twitter.com/zoe_sayler/status/1106611697156935682?s=19" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97);" class="">lots and lots of f-bombs</span></a>.</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Several photos of swear-filled signs went viral on Twitter. Students in Massachusetts held up a <a href="https://twitter.com/TutusNTinyHats/status/1106609837381689345" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97);" class="">poster</span></a> that said “Kiss my activist ass.” In London, <a href="https://twitter.com/MW_Unrest/status/1106655933936091141" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97);" class="">one handlettered sign</span></a> said “Why the actual f*** are we studying for a future we won’t even have!”</span></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 34, 43); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(9, 34, 43); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Granted, many signs from the strike were on the tamer side. <a href="https://twitter.com/EricHolthaus/status/1106598238180773890" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(5, 74, 97); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(5, 74, 97);" class="">One gem</span></a> came from a crowd-shy teen who braved a protest in Minnesota: “So bad [that] even introverts are here!”</span></p><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><div style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class="">2004</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class="">===================================</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century<b class="">. </b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Gerald A. Meehl and Claudia Tebaldi. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><i class="">Science</i>, 13 AUGUST 2004</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">2008</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">"All organisms live within a limited range of body temperatures …. Direct effects of climatic warming can be understood through fatal decrements in an organism's performance in growth, reproduction, foraging, immune competence, behaviors and competitiveness."</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Hans O. Pörtner and Anthony P. Farrell. Physiology and Climate Change. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><i class="">SCIENCE</i> 31 OCTOBER 2008 VOL 322</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">2009</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">==================================</span></div></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">"Observed heat wave intensities in the current decade are larger than worst-case projections."</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Auroop R. Gangulya, et al. Higher trends but larger uncertainty and geographic variability in 21<sup class="">st</sup> century temperature and heat waves. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><i class="">PNAS</i>, September 15, 2009.</span></div></div><div style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">2013</span><br class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">=================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“ … organisms have a physiological response to temperature, and these responses have important consequences …. biological rates and times (e.g., growth, reproduction, mortality and activity) vary with temperature.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Anthony I. Dell, Samraat Pawar and Van M. Savage, Temperature dependence of trophic interactions are driven by asymmetry of species responses and foraging strategy.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><i class="">Journal of Animal Ecology</i> 2013 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">1970 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class="">=========================</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">“What can be said with some assurance is that there is a unique and nearly ubiquitous compound, with the empirical formula<b class=""> H</b>(2960)<b class="">O</b>(1480)<b class="">C</b>(1480)<b class="">N</b>(16)<b class="">P</b>(1.8)<b class="">S</b>, called living matter. Its synthesis, on an oxidized and uncarboxylated earth, is the most intricate feat of chemical engineering ever performed - and the most delicate operation that people have ever tampered with.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Edward S. Deevey, Jr. Mineral Cycles. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><i class="">Scientific American</i>, September 1970.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div class=""><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">“That social influences shape every person’s practices, judgments and beliefs is a truism to which anyone will readily assent."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">“How, and to what extent, do social forces constrain people’s opinions and attitudes? This question is especially pertinent in our day.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">Solomon E. Asch. Opinions and Social Pressure.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><i class="">Scientific American.</i> November 1955<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""> --------------------------------------------------------------------</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">“Thirty-five years ago, Yale psychologist Irving Janis published an essay in the <i class="">Yale Alumni Magazine</i> explaining how a group of intelligent people working together to solve a problem can sometimes arrive at the worst possible answer.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">"Members consider loyalty to the group the highest form of morality.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">“Nobody today says, My area is groupthink. But what emerged subsequent to groupthink was an area called "judgment and decision making," which is one of the most important areas in all of psychology. In fact Danny Kahneman won the 2002 Nobel Prize based on his research into how rational people make irrational decisions.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><i class="">Philip Zimbardo '59PhD</i>
<i class="">Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Stanford University</i><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><a href="https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/1947/a-brief-history-of-groupthink" class="">https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/1947/a-brief-history-of-groupthink</a></span><font size="4" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></font></p><div class=""><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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