<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 110, 178); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326" class="">Environmental Research Letters</a> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">Published 22 December 2017 </span></p><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Temperature and humidity based projections of a rapid rise in global heat stress exposure during the 21st century</b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Ethan D Coffel, Radley M Horton and Alex de Sherbinin</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Open access</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e" class="">https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><b class="">Excerpt from the Abstract</b></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">In the coming decades heat stress may prove to be one of the most widely experienced and directly dangerous aspects of climate change, posing a severe threat to human health, energy infrastructure, and<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> outdoor activities</span> ranging from agricultural production to military training.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Excerpt from the Introduction</b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Wet bulb temperatures approaching 35</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">C almost never occur in the current climate</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> [<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib32" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">32</span></a>], and thus there is little real-world data on human health outcomes at the societal level during such extreme conditions. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">However, recent heat waves with lower wet bulb temperatures between 29</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">C and 31</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">C have caused tens of thousands of deaths [<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib5" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">5</span></a>, <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib33" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">33</span></a>], and empirical evidence suggests that most physical labor becomes unsafe at wet bulb temperatures above 32</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">°C [<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib34" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">34</span></a>, <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib35" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">35</span></a>]. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Morbidity and mortality can also increase in populations exposed to warm, but not extreme, temperature conditions, as will be commonplace in many areas </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><b class="">by</b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">[ i.e., before ]</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> the second half of the 21st century [<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa00e#erlaaa00ebib36" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(39, 58, 173); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(39, 58, 173);" class="">36</span></a>]. The impact of heat stress on human society depends both on the severity of heatwaves and the number and vulnerability of people exposed to them. Currently, some </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">regions most at risk</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> for extreme wet bulb temperatures—Northeast India, East China, West Africa, </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">and the Southeast US</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">—are some of the world's most densely populated.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">=============================================<br class=""><br class="">During WWII, … we transformed our economy incredibly quickly in order to protect ourselves. …. The government laid down strong regulations, such as a ban on the production of new consumer cars. More than 37 percent of our gross domestic product was spent on the war effort. <br class=""><br class="">If the United States rises to the challenge of confronting the climate emergency, we can still “cancel the apocalypse” and begin restoring a safe climate and healthy society. The first step is telling the truth. We need a national acknowledgement that we face a climate emergency.<br class=""><br class=""><a href="https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/449079-moving-into-emergency-mode-on-climate-change" class="">https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/449079-moving-into-emergency-mode-on-climate-change</a><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""></div>
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