<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Biology Letters </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Published 26 June 2019</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(186, 12, 47);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275" class=""><b class="">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275</b><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(186, 12, 47);" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Exploring the lower thermal limits for development of the human malaria parasite, <i class="">Plasmodium falciparum</i></b></span></p><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275#" class="">Jessica L. Waite</a></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class="">, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275#" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Eunho Suh</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275#" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Penelope A. Lynch</span></a> and <span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275#" class="">Matthew B. Thomas</a></span></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Abstract [ Open access ]</b></span></p><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275" class="">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0275</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50); min-height: 19px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px 0px 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 49, 50); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 49, 50);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">The rate of malaria transmission is strongly determined by parasite development time in the mosquito, known as the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), since the quicker parasites develop, the greater the chance that the vector will survive long enough for the parasite to complete development and be transmitted. EIP is known to be temperature-dependent but this relationship is surprisingly poorly characterized. There is a single degree-day model for EIP of <i class="">Plasmodium falciparum</i> that derives from a limited number of poorly controlled studies conducted almost a century ago. Here, we show that the established degree-day model greatly underestimates the rate of development of <i class="">P. falciparum</i> in both <i class="">Anopheles stephensi</i> and <i class="">An. gambiae</i> mosquitoes at temperatures in the range of 17–20°C. We also show that realistic daily temperature fluctuation further speeds parasite development. These novel results challenge one of the longest standing models in malaria biology and have potentially important implications for understanding the impacts of future climate change.</span></p><div class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""></div><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">++++++++++++++++++++++++++</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class="">“The gap between high- and low-income families has widened steadily since about 1980, hitting a new high every year since 1985. “</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class="">Business Week, November 21, 1994, p. 72.</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class=""></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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