<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1748-9326" class="">Environmental Research Letters</a> </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #333333" class="">Published 12 July 2017 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 110, 178); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 110, 178); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/collections?collection_type=FEATURED_ARTICLES" class=""><b class=""></b></a></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 110, 178); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 110, 178);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/collections?collection_type=FEATURED_ARTICLES" class=""><b class="">FEATURED ARTICLE</b><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 110, 178);" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Seth Wynes and Kimberly A Nicholas</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">OPEN ACCESS</b></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #333333" class=""><b class=""> mi</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 110, 178); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 110, 178); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/pdf" class=""></a></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 110, 178); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 110, 178);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #f3f3f3" class=""><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/pdf" class="">Article PDF<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 97, 158); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 97, 158); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">471858</b> Total downloads</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">A perspective for this article has been published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8467" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 97, 158); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 97, 158);" class="">2017 <i class="">Environ. Res. Lett.</i> <b class="">12</b> 091001</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Abstract</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Current anthropogenic climate change is the result of greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, which</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""> records the aggregation of billions of individual decisions. Here we consider a broad range of individual lifestyle choices and calculate their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries,</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> based on 148 scenarios from 39 sources. We recommend four widely applicable high-impact (i.e. low emissions) actions with the potential to contribute to systemic change and substantially reduce annual personal emissions: having one fewer ch<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">ild (an average for developed countries of 58.6</span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">tonnes CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions per year), living car-free (2.4 tCO2e saved per year), avoiding airplane travel (1.6 tCO2e saved per roundtrip transatlantic flight) and eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tCO2e saved per year). </span></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">These actions have much greater potential to reduce emissions than commonly promoted strategies like comprehensive recycling (four times less effective than a plant-based diet) or changing household lightbulbs (eight times less). </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Though adolescents poised to establish lifelong patterns are an important target group for promoting high-impact actions, we find that ten high school science textbooks from Canada largely fail to mention these actions (they account for 4% of their recommended actions), instead focusing on incremental changes with much smaller potential emissions reductions.</b> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);" class="">Government</span> resources on climate change from the EU, USA, Canada, and Australia also focus recommendations on lower-impact actions.</b> We conclude that there are opportunities to improve existing educational and communication structures to promote the most effective emission-reduction strategies and close this mitigation gap.</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<br class=""><br class="">“Just remember, this is not your grandfather's atmosphere. Things are different now, and will get even more-so in the coming years … "<br class=""><br class=""><a href="http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2015/12/02/the-coming-winter-part-two-the-elephant-in-the-room/" class="">http://blogs.agu.org/wildwildscience/2015/12/02/the-coming-winter-part-two-the-elephant-in-the-room/</a></div>
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