<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2009 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Peter J. Hansen*<br class="">
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781849/pdf/rstb20090131.pdf" class="">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781849/pdf/rstb20090131.pdf</a> </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class="">From the Introduction</b></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Heat stress can lead to disruptions in reproductive processes through two general mechanisms. First, the homeokinetic changes to regulate body temperature can compromise reproductive function. One example is redistribution of blood flow from the body core to the periphery to increase sensible heat loss. Another homeokinetic control mechanism for body temperature is reduced feed intake during heat stress. Reducing feed intake reduces metabolic heat production but also can lead to changes in energy balance and nutrient availability that can have large effects on cyclicity, establishment of pregnancy and foetal development. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">A second mechanism for disruption of reproduction during heat stress is the failure of homeokinetic systems to regulate reproduction. As will be seen in this paper, the rise in body temperature about its regulated set point can compromise function of germ cells, the early developing embryo, and perhaps other cells involved in reproduction. </span></div><div class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">+++++++++++++++++++</span></div><div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><u class="">“In a corrupt environmen</u>t<span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">, resources will be directed toward such non-productive areas as the police, armed forces and other organs of social control and repression as the elites move to protect themselves, their positions and their material wealth … and resources otherwise available for socio-economic development will be diverted into security expenditure."</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">John McFarlane. Transnational Crime, Corruption and Crony Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century. <i class="">Transnational Organized Crime</i>. Vol. 4 No. 2, Summer 1998</div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class="">+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++</div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">“Politicians strain to outdo each other with promises to 'get tough' on crime and to bring law and order back to the streets….There is no question that common street crime is an important social concern. But its image has become so bloated in the mirror of public opinion that it blocks our view of the white collar crimes which are both more costly and more dangerous to society."</div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">James Coleman. <i class="">The Criminal Elite</i>. 1985. St. Martin's Press</div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<br class=""></body></html>