<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiRGh0dHBzOi8vcGh5cy5vcmcvbmV3cy8yMDE5LTEwLWNsaW1hdGUtc2NpZW50aXN0LWFwcHJvYWNoLWNyaXNpcy5odG1s0gFDaHR0cHM6Ly9waHlzLm9yZy9uZXdzLzIwMTktMTAtY2xpbWF0ZS1zY2llbnRpc3QtYXBwcm9hY2gtY3Jpc2lzLmFtcA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Climate scientist: We must change the way we approach the climate crisis<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://phys.org/news/2019-10-climate-scientist-approach-crisis.html" class="">https://phys.org/news/2019-10-climate-scientist-approach-crisis.html</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Excerpt</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Scientists are by nature conservative. This tendency is intimately linked to the way science operates: before a new theory is accepted it needs to be repeatedly scrutinized to make sure we are absolutely sure it holds up.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Usually, this is good practice. But it has caused climate scientists to </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">consistently</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378012001215?via%3Dihub" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">underestimate</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> both the speed at which the climate is destabilizing, and the </span><a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/international-climate-change-reports-tend-toward-caution-and-are-dangerously-misleading-says-new-report" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">severity of the threat</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> it poses.</span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">The IPCC is a </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/08/world-leaders-climate-change-ipcc-report" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">chief culprit for this</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">. It has the added difficulty of having to seek ratification from the world's governments for its summary reports, and has been </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">consistently</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> singled out for </span><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190320102010.htm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">underselling the impending crisis</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">.</span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The scientists across the world that contribute to the body's reports must heed its track record of mistaken conservatism, and adjust their approach going forward. Uncertainties are of course inherent in modeling how and when the climate will destabilize, but when the stakes are as high as they are, we must operate on the precautionary principle—the normal burden of proof on scientists should be reversed.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Acceptable risk</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">At the current level of 1.1</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">℃</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> of global heating, <a href="https://phys.org/tags/climate+change/" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">climate change</span></a> and ecological breakdown are already displacing and killing hundreds of thousands of humans, and sending other species towards extinction. Above 1.5</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">℃</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> though, risks to humanity and ecosystems amplify greatly.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Yet the UN's target for global carbon emissions to reach net zero by 2050 only gives us about a <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">one-in-two chance</span></a> of limiting global heating to below this level. This target is based on one of multiple potential pathways laid out by IPCC scientists in a special report in 2018.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(33, 36, 56); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(33, 36, 56);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Professions such as doctors</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21550085.2018.1509483" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(70, 128, 238); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(70, 128, 238);" class="">wouldn't take such a punt</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">on preserving life if better odds were available. Why is the same not true of climate scientists? We need to shift both our own and society's ideas about what is an acceptable level of risk to offer government leaders, and therefore the living planet's inhabitants.</span></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div class="">**************************************<br class=""><br class="">"The global shipping industry is continuing to release more and more greenhouse gas emissions by the year, <br class="">according to a new study released by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT).<br class=""><br class="">"The findings are the result of an analysis utilizing 'state of the art' global ship operations (AIS) data, along <br class="">with detailed vessel characteristics relating to over half a million ships — collectively used to estimate <br class="">greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution released by shipping “at high resolution (1° x 1°) on an hourly <br class="">basis for the years 2013 to 2015.”<br class=""><br class="">CleanTechnica Oct 24 2017<br class=""><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2017/10/24/icct-shipping-industrys-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rise/" class="">https://cleantechnica.com/2017/10/24/icct-shipping-industrys-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rise/</a><br class=""></div>****************************************<br class=""><br class="">"We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities …. <br class="">we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, <br class="">textiles, fish and ... manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home."<br class=""><br class="">M. Lenzen, D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro & A. Geschke.<br class="">International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. <br class="">Nature 7 June 2012 doi:10.1038/nature11145</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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