<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><b class="">Excerpt : </b><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">In his forthcoming book,</span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.harpercollins.co.uk/9780008308599/our-final-warning-six-degrees-of-climate-emergency/" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">Our Final Warning</a><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">, Mark Lynas explains what is likely to happen to our food supply with every extra degree of global heating. He finds that extreme danger kicks in somewhere between 3C and 4C above pre-industrial levels. At this point, a series of interlocking impacts threatens to send food production into a death spiral. Outdoor temperatures become</span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(18)30240-7/fulltext" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">too high for humans to tolerate</a><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">, making subsistence farming impossible across Africa and South Asia. Livestock die from heat stress. Temperatures start to</span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/usa-climateagro.pdf" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">exceed the lethal thresholds</a><a href="https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/usa-climateagro.pdf" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;"> for crop plants</a><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">across much of the world, and major food producing regions turn into</span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><a href="https://epic.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/nplants2016193.pdf" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">dust bowls</a><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">. Simultaneous</span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/115/26/6644" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2; color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">global harvest failure</a><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18); orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">– something that has never happened in the modern world – becomes highly likely.</span></span><div class=""><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><font color="#121212" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">In combination with a rising human population, and the loss of irrigation water, soil and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/19/us-beekeepers-lost-40-of-honeybee-colonies-over-past-year-survey-finds" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">pollinators</a>, this could push the world into structural famine. Even today, when the world has a total food surplus, hundreds of millions are malnourished as a result of the unequal distribution of wealth and power. A food deficit could result in billions starving. Hoarding will happen, as it always has, at the global level, as powerful people snatch food from the mouths of the poor. Yet, even if every nation keeps <a href="http://paris-equity-check.org/warming-check" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">its promises under the Paris </a><a href="http://paris-equity-check.org/warming-check" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline" style="color: rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 0.0625rem; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out 0s; text-decoration: none !important;">agreement</a>, which currently seems unlikely, global heating will amount to between 3C and 4C.</span></p><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div class="" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div class=""><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“Our sweat-based cooling mechanism is crude; beyond a certain combination of high temperature and humidity, it fails. To be outside and exposed to such an environment for any length of time soon becomes a death sentence.</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 15px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-font-kerning: none;">“And that environment is spreading. </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">A death zone is creeping over the surface of Earth, gaining a little more ground each year. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-font-kerning: none;">As an analysis published this week in <i class="">Nature Climate Change</i> shows, since 1980, these temporary hells on Earth have opened up hundreds of times to take life (C. Mora <i class="">et al.</i> <i class="">Nature Clim. Change</i> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322" class=""><span class="" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(92, 121, 150); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(92, 121, 150);">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322</span></a>; 2017). At present, roughly one-third of the world’s population lives for about three weeks a year under such conditions. If greenhouse-gas emissions continue to rise unchecked, that figure could climb, exposing almost three-quarters of the population by the end of the century.</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 15px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">“The analysis also reveals that </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">even aggressive reductions in emissions will lead the number of deadly heatwaves to soar in the coming decades</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">. Cities including London, New York, Tokyo and Sydney have all seen citizens die from the effects of excessive heat. By 2100, people in the tropics could be living in these death zones for entire summers. It’s true that warmer winters will save lives further north. And those living in urban environments may find ways to adapt to the new norm of extreme heat. </span></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 15px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“But, if the researchers are correct, the politics of Pruitt and those who try to hold him to account will seem quaint and anachronistic to our grandchildren. For they will live in a world in which most will see the environment less as something to protect, and more as something to protect themselves and their families from.”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 15px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i class="">Nature</i> <b class="">546,</b> 452 (22 June 2017) doi:10.1038/546452a</span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>