<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="pane-content" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="921101" id="node921101" data-pisa="pnas;1918249117v1" data-pisa-master="pnas;1918249117" data-apath="/pnas/early/2020/04/07/1918249117.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-pnas-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem; font-variant-ligatures: normal;"><div class="pane-content" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article" data-node-nid="921101" id="node921101" data-pisa="pnas;1918249117v1" data-pisa-master="pnas;1918249117" data-apath="/pnas/early/2020/04/07/1918249117.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-citation-pnas-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a highwire-cite-highwire-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-cite-metadata" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8rem;"><span class="highwire-cite-metadata highwire-cite-metadata-journal" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">PNAS </span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata highwire-cite-metadata-papdate" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">first published April 13, 2020 </span><span class="highwire-cite-metadata highwire-cite-metadata-doi" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918249117" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918249117</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 2rem; line-height: 1.25; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.1rem;"><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries</span></h1><div class="highwire-cite-authors" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 5px 0px 10px;"><span class="highwire-citation-authors" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="highwire-citation-author first hasTooltip has-tooltip" data-delta="0" data-hasqtip="0" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Donald Tomaskovic-Devey</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-6659" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Anthony Rainey</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5420-1420" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Dustin Avent-Holt</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-7252" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Nina Bandelj</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper hasTooltip has-tooltip" data-delta="4" data-hasqtip="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-6627" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>István Boza</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="5" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9783" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>David Cort</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="6" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-8144" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Olivier Godechot</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="7" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-032X" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Gergely Hajdu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="8" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3660-9996" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Martin Hällsten</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper hasTooltip has-tooltip" data-delta="9" data-hasqtip="2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-6528" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Lasse Folke Henriksen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="10" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-0362" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Are Skeie Hermansen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="11" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-2167" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Feng Hou</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="12" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9784-1206" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Jiwook Jung</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author has-tooltip hasTooltip" data-delta="13" data-hasqtip="3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Aleksandra Kanjuo-Mrčela</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="14" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-2040" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Joe King</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="15" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-7006" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Naomi Kodama</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="16" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-5505" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Tali Kristal</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="17" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-3940" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Alena Křížková</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper hasTooltip has-tooltip" data-delta="18" data-hasqtip="4" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-5741" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Zoltán Lippényi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="19" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-7097" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Silvia Maja Melzer</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="20" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-9904" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Eunmi Mun</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="21" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Andrew Penner</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="22" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Trond Petersen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author has-tooltip hasTooltip" data-delta="23" data-hasqtip="5" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Andreja Poje</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="24" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;">Mirna Safi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="25" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-4703" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Max Thaning</span>, and <span class="highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper" data-delta="26" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom: 1px dotted transparent; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-1956" target="_blank" class="hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); outline: 0px !important;"><span class="hw-icon-color-orcid hw-icon-orcid" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; line-height: 1; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: none; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(166, 206, 57); speak: none; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"></span> <span class="title element-invisible" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;">View ORCID Profile</span></a>Zaibu Tufail</span></span></div><div class="highwire-cite-metadata" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8rem;"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); letter-spacing: 0px;" class=""><b class="">Significance</b></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="pane-content" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_pnas_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_pnas_tab_art" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="clearfix panel-display panel-1col" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="panel-col panel-panel" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; width: 646.719px;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><div class="pane-highwire-markup panel-pane" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 2rem;"><div class="pane-content" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="highwire-markup" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="content-block-markup" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><div class="article fulltext-view" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="executive-summary" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; padding: 0px 2rem;"><p id="p-4" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 1.5em;" class="">Understanding the causes of rising inequality is of concern in many countries. Using administrative data, we find that the share of inequality that is between workplaces is growing in 12 of 14 countries examined, and in no country has it fallen. Countries with declining employment protections see growth in both between- and within-workplace inequalities, but this impact is stronger for between-workplace inequalities. These results suggest that to reduce market income inequality requires policies that raise the bargaining power of lower-skilled workers. The widespread rise in between-workplace inequality additionally suggests policy responses that target the increasing market power of firms in concentrated markets as well as curb the ability of powerful firms to outsource low skill employment.</p></div><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 5px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2rem;"><h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 2rem -2rem; letter-spacing: 0px; border: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Abstract</span></h2><p id="p-5" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 1.5em;" class="">It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe changes in the initial between- and within-firm market income distribution we analyze administrative records for 2,000,000,000+ job years nested within 50,000,000+ workplace years for 14 high-income countries in North America, Scandinavia, Continental and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. We find that countries vary a great deal in their levels and trends in earnings inequality but that the between-workplace share of wage inequality is growing in almost all countries examined and is in no country declining. We also find that earnings inequalities and the share of between-workplace inequalities are lower and grew less strongly in countries with stronger institutional employment protections and rose faster when these labor market protections weakened. Our findings suggest that firm-level restructuring and increasing wage inequalities between workplaces are more central contributors to rising income inequality than previously recognized.</p></div><ul class="kwd-group" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 2rem 2rem; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); font-weight: bold; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><li class="kwd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2rem 0px 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline; padding: 0px; line-height: 2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/keyword/inequality" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-inequality" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);">inequality</a></li><li class="kwd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2rem 0px 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline; padding: 0px; line-height: 2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/keyword/workplaces" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-workplaces" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);">workplaces</a></li><li class="kwd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2rem 0px 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline; padding: 0px; line-height: 2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/keyword/administrative-data" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-administrative-data" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);">administrative data</a></li><li class="kwd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2rem 0px 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline; padding: 0px; line-height: 2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/keyword/earnings" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-earnings" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);">earnings</a></li><li class="kwd" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 2rem 0px 0px; background-color: transparent; display: inline; padding: 0px; line-height: 2; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/keyword/institutions" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-institutions" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);">institutions</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</b></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class="">A core question: What is “resilience”?</b></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class="">2018</b> — “Resilience is a popular narrative for conservation and provides an opportunity to communicate optimism that ecosystems can recover and rebound from disturbances.” (Emily S. Darling<span style="vertical-align: 4px;" class=""> </span><i class="">and </i>Isabelle M. Côté, Science, March 2, 2018). </p><div class=""><b class="">2014</b> — “Emerging from a wide range of disciplines, resilience in policy-making has often been based on the ability of systems to bounce back to normality, drawing on engineering concepts. This implies the return of the functions of an individual, household, community or ecosystem to previous conditions, with as little damage and disruption as possible following shocks and stresses” (Tanner et al, Nature Climate Change, December 18, 2014). </div><div id="m_-1046162086629656228gmail-AppleMailSignature" class=""><div class="m_-1046162086629656228gmail-ApplePlainTextBody"><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><b class="">1938</b> — Resilience.<span class="m_-1046162086629656228gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>1- The act or power of springing back to a former position or shape. 2. The quantity of work given back by a body that is compressed to a certain limit and then allowed to recover itself, as a spring under pressure suddenly relaxed.” (Funk & Wagnall’s New Standard Dictionary of the English Language, vol.2, M-Z 1938</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>
<br class=""></body></html>