<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><header style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><h1 class="page_title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 25px 0px 0px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(43, 43, 43); letter-spacing: -0.34px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Seabed mining could destroy ecosystems</span></h1><p class="meta_institute" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2px 0px 20px; text-transform: uppercase; color: rgb(43, 43, 43); transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">UNIVERSITY OF EXETER-<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">PUBLIC RELEASE: </span><time datetime="1516597200" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box;" class="">22-JAN-2018</time></p><div class="toolbar hidden-search hidden-print" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"></div></header><div class="entry" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 23px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">Mining on the ocean floor could do irreversible damage to deep-sea ecosystems, says a new study of seabed mining proposals around the world. The deep sea (depths below 200m) covers about half of the Earth's surface and is home to a vast range of species.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">Little is known about these environments, and researchers from the University of Exeter and Greenpeace say mining could have "long-lasting and unforeseen consequences"- not just at mining sites but also across much larger areas.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">The study is the first to give a global overview of all current plans to mine the seabed, in both national and international waters, and looks at the potential impacts including physical destruction of seabed habitats, creation of large underwater plumes of sediment and the effects of chemical, noise and light pollution arising from mining operations.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">"Our knowledge of these ecosystems is still limited, but we know they're very sensitive," said Dr David Santillo, a marine biologist and senior Greenpeace scientist based at the University of Exeter. "Recovery from man-made disturbance could take decades, centuries or even millennia, if these ecosystems recover at all."</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">"As we learn more about deep sea ecosystems and the role of oceans in mitigating climate change, it seems wise to take precautions to avoid damage that could have long-lasting and unforeseen consequences."</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">Despite the term "mining", much seabed mining would involve extraction of minerals over very wide areas of the sea floor rather than digging down to any great depth, potentially leaving a vast 'footprint' on the deep-sea habitats in which these mineral deposits occur.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Rising demand for minerals and metals, including for use in new technology, has sparked renewed interest in seabed mining.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">Some operations are already taking place, generally at relatively shallow depths near national coastlines.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">The first commercial enterprise in deeper waters, expected to target mineral-rich sulphides at depths of 1.5-2km off Papua New Guinea, is scheduled to begin early in 2019.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">Speaking about these plans last year, Sir David Attenborough said it was "tragic that humanity should just plough on with no regard for the consequences".</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">The Exeter and Greenpeace research team say there are "many questions and uncertainties" around seabed mining, including legal issues and the difficulties of predicting the scale and extent of impacts in advance, and of monitoring and regulating mining activity once it takes place in the deep sea. The paper says that alternatives to seabed mining have already been proposed, including substituting metals in short supply for more abundant minerals with similar properties, as well as more effective collection and recycling of components from disused products and wastes.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">However, Dr Santillo said </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">demand for seabed mining would also diminish if humanity could cut overproduction and overconsumption of consumer goods. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">"Rather than using human ingenuity to invent more and more consumer products that we don't actually need, we could deploy it instead to build goods that last longer, are easier to repair and make better use of the limited natural resources we have," he said.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">"With the right approaches, we can avoid the need for seabed mining altogether and stop the 'race to the bottom'.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">"As governments prepare to set the rules and the first companies gear up to mine, now is the time to ask whether we just have to accept seabed mining, or should instead decide that the potential damage is just so great that we really need to find less destructive alternatives."</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">The paper, published in the journal<a target="_blank" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418/full" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 136, 204); text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Frontiers in Marine Science</em></a>, is entitled: "An overview of seabed mining including the current state of development, environmental impacts, and knowledge gaps." It is an open-access publication accessible to readers anywhere in the world.</p><p align="center" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px 15px;" class="">###</p></div><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div>+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++</div><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">“We are constantly deciding how much information is enough.” (p. 44)<br class=""><br class="">“Once we finally reach a decision we are relieved to have the uncertainty of decision making behind us. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">And now somebody turns up and tells us things that call the wisdom of that decision into question again.” </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12px;" class="">(pp. 99-100)<br class=""><br class="">Dietrich Dorner. The Logic of Failure: Recognizing and Avoiding Error in Complex Situations.<br class="">1989 in German by Rowolt Verlag GMBH.<br class="">1996 in English by Metropolitan Books, Perseus Books.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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