<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">Geophysical Research Letters June 16, 2020</div><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086345" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086345&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNGIksnDREpliEsY_L3lfEV_XIIRwg" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><b class="">https://doi.org/10.1029/<wbr class="">2019GL086345</b><span style="font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(28, 29, 30);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Increasing Escape of Oxygen From Oceans Under Climate Change</b></span></p><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Li%2C+Changyu" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DLi%252C%2BChangyu&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNFA8t6cVCNbdHNEtcSoNZWzUBGn_w" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">Changyu Li</a></span><span style="color: rgb(139, 139, 139);" class=""> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Huang%2C+Jianping" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DHuang%252C%2BJianping&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNEnbEGy9q1lRgcZ2Hz4642wT7ltwA" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class="">Jianping Huang</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Ding%2C+Lei" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DDing%252C%2BLei&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNFfxMouj0SdmQFaYaCINcAyu9rFbg" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class="">Lei Ding</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Liu%2C+Xiaoyue" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DLiu%252C%2BXiaoyue&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNHIK_GvBsSLfImPlw-6gopQOuwZvQ" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class="">Xiaoyue Liu</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Yu%2C+Haipeng" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DYu%252C%2BHaipeng&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNH9zc2ORB31UJARzqDBwzn-bLisyw" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class="">Haipeng Yu</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Huang%2C+Jiping" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored%3DHuang%252C%2BJiping&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNEzTaI6VZrqTY2MTqGfZi7SyFLJ-A" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 82, 116);" class="">Jiping Huang</span></a></span></div><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(28, 29, 30); min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""><span style="font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></div><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></div><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL086345" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL086345&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNExaXFC9omqB1Eblt2GNeqNCTdgfg" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.<wbr class="">wiley.com/doi/10.1029/<wbr class="">2019GL086345</a></span></div><p style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px 0px 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(28, 29, 30);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">The global oxygen cycle is one of the most important cycles on Earth for all aerobic organisms, and it is a basic constraint sustaining aerobic life. As a major component of the cycle, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">oceans are now experiencing widespread declines in oxygen concentrations</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">. Here, based on model simulations we found that ocean deoxygenation occurs as a result of oceanic oxygen outgassing, which is tightly related with the marine warming. Although the O2 flux from the ocean to atmosphere is quite small compared with that of oceanic oxygen production, this outgassing accounts for almost all of the decline in marine oxygen and even exceeds the amount of the loss. The model projections indicate accelerated oxygen escape from the ocean under climate change. The oceanic outgassing will increase from 1.6 to 4.3 Gt/yr over the 21st century due to solubility and circulation changes related with warming, which may eventually lead to a more hypoxic ocean in the future.</span></span></p><div style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class="">Plain Language Summary</b></span></div><p style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(28, 29, 30);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">It is well‐known that O2 is fundamental for all aerobic life. However, the oxygen content of the ocean has been declining during the past few decades. This phenomenon, known as the “ocean deoxygenation,” will have widespread consequences, which could eventually threaten the marine ecosystems. In this study, we systematically diagnosed the global oceanic oxygen budget on the basis of earth system models and found enhanced O2 escape from the ocean to atmosphere. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">The O2 outgassing is directly responsible for ongoing deoxygenation, and it will continue to increase in the future. A shift in the oceanic oxygen cycle characterized by increasing oxygen escape has been occurring as a consequence of human‐induced climate change, followed by intensified ocean deoxygenation and resulting in severe damage to marine biota.</span></p><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><div dir="auto" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><div style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">——————————————————————————</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">PNAS first published November 7, 2019.</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline;" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917051116" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917051116&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNErqXeSrjufjuA0JGG3jprEFEa8eg" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.<wbr class="">1917051116</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline;" class=""><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/11/06/1917051116" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/11/06/1917051116&source=gmail&ust=1591822165690000&usg=AFQjCNFjSQAX2DVy9hKlYCszgI7RvsNDgg" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><b class="">Lasting coastal hazards from past greenhouse gas emissions</b></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">Tony E. Wong</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">The emission of greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere is a by-product of <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><b class="">modern marvels such as</b> </span>the production of vast amounts of energy, heating and cooling inhospitable environments to be amenable to human existence, and traveling great distances faster than our saddle-sore ancestors ever dreamed possible. However,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><b class=""> these luxuries </b>come at a price: climate changes in the form of severe droughts, extreme precipitation and temperatures, increased frequency of flooding in coastal cities, global warming, and sea-level rise (</span>1, 2). </p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">This is <b class="">the price we pay for</b> the<b class=""> luxury</b> of about 200 y of relatively unchecked greenhouse gas emissions.</p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">——————————————————————————————<wbr class="">———</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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