<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEKrKI_zLS39Wb3IDuLzxF84qGQgEKhAIACoHCAowyNj6CjDyiPICMKb_xAU?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">UN chief calls new report a "red alert" for Earth as governments lack ambition to tackle climate change<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">A new report from the United Nations warns that global governments are "nowhere" near ambitious enough to adequately tackle climate change and meet the ...</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMMjY-gow8ojyAg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">CBS News<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 115, 232); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEERFH7RaieCWft_-XxbZDeAqMwgEKioIACIQpzoRSNLEm6QR--MasMLSAioUCAoiEKc6EUjSxJukEfvjGrDC0gIwpfTQBg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">New climate pledges 'far short' of meeting Paris Agreement goals, UN warns<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">The planet is on "red alert" because governments are failing to meet their climate change goals, the United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said ...</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAiEKc6EUjSxJukEfvjGrDC0gIqFAgKIhCnOhFI0sSbpBH74xqwwtIC?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">CNN<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 12px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); min-height: 12px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario</b></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class="">
</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Joel Millward-Hopkins</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">a</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Lucida Grande"; vertical-align: 8px; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(33, 151, 209); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">⁎</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, Julia K. Steinberger</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">a</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">b</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, Narasimha D. Rao</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">c</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">d</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, Yannick Oswald</span><span style="vertical-align: 6.5px; font-kerning: none; color: #2197d1; background-color: #ffffff" class="">a </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="vertical-align: 4.0px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">a </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK</i></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class=""><br class="">
</i></span><span style="vertical-align: 4.0px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">b </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">Institute of Geography and Sustainability, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland </i></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="vertical-align: 4.0px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">c </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA</i></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class=""><br class="">
</i></span><span style="vertical-align: 4.0px; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">d </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis), Laxenburg, Austria </i></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">ABSTRACT</b> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">It is increasingly clear that averting ecological breakdown will require drastic changes</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> to contemporary human society and the global economy embedded within it. On the other hand, the basic material needs of billions of people across the planet remain unmet. Here, we develop a simple, bottom-up model to estimate a practical minimal threshold for the final energy consumption required to provide decent material livings to the entire global population.</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""> We find that global final energy consumption in 2050 could be reduced to the levels of the 1960s, despite a population three times larger. However, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">such a world requires a massive rollout of advanced technologies across all sectors,</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""> as well as radical demand-side changes to reduce consumption </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">– regardless of income – to levels of sufficiency. Sufficiency is, however, far more materially generous in our model than what those opposed to strong reductions in consumption often assume. </span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“The wealthy bear greatest responsibility: the emissions of the richest one per cent of the global population account for more than twice the combined share of the poorest 50 per cent. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“This group will need to reduce its footprint by a factor of 30 to stay in line with the Paris Agreement targets.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(46, 52, 54);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/world/emissions-gap-report-2020" class="">https://reliefweb.int/report/world/emissions-gap-report-2020</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">September 8, 2020 ; first published August 19, 2020</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #333333; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #005a96" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(10, 97, 163);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">NEWS FEATURE</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">News Feature: Foreseeing fires</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Amy McDermott</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #005a96" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Excerpts</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Wildfire ripped through the black spruce forests of Eagle Plains, Yukon Territory, Canada in 1990. Fire came again in 2005. By the time plant ecologist Carissa Brown arrived in the summer of 2007, all but a few trees were dead.”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Any seedlings that had sprouted after the first fire had burned in the second.”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Researchers can no longer look to the past as an accurate predictor of the future. Forests adapted to rare fires may not persist through frequent ones.”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“ … the plants that grow on a burn site after a first fire are fuel for the next fire there.”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“In Yellowstone, lodgepole pine is the major player,” Hansen says. “If they can’t establish, it’s possible the system converts to nonforest rather than a different tree species.”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22.5px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Forest ecologist Jonathan Coop, at Western Colorado University in Gunnison, coauthored a review published in July, analyzing more than 100 studies from western North America and Canada. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">The main takeaway, Coop says, is that “in an era of changing climate and increasing wildfire activity, we really can't count on forests to come back.” </span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Complete article</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117" class="">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014291117<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #005a96" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 105, 217);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEJOVF--yS8ZJHtg_iQXgH4YqGAgEKg8IACoHCAowlOzSATCaiDUwzdjoBQ?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">The climate crisis shows how rich people blow through their “fair share” of carbon emissions</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Our liberty-loving way of life has landed us in an encircling moral maze otherwise known as the climate crisis.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 90, 150); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #333333" class="">Carbon Brief</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> 23 February 2021 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Guest post: The threat of high-probability ocean ‘tipping points’</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Excerpt</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">In recent years, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-nine-tipping-points-that-could-be-triggered-by-climate-change" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #1155cc" class="">tipping points</span></a> – thresholds where a small change could push a system into a completely new state – have increasingly become a focus for the climate research community.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">However, these are typically thought of in terms of unlikely changes with huge global ramifications – often referred to as “low probability, high impact” events.</span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> </span></p><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">In a new paper, published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/118/9/e2008478118" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #1155cc" class="">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></a>, my co-authors and I instead focus on the potential for what we call “high probability, high impact” tipping points caused by the cumulative impact of warming, acidification and deoxygenation.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 85, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-threat-of-high-probability-ocean-tipping-points" class="">https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-threat-of-high-probability-ocean-tipping-points<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 85, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">————————————————————</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(43, 43, 43);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Plant responses to climate are lagged</b></span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(123, 123, 123);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><i class="">Climate drivers outside of the growing season may have stronger effects on plants than previously assumed.</i></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(43, 43, 43);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">GERMAN CENTRE FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH (IDIV) HALLE-JENA-LEIPZIG</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">NEWS RELEASE 22-FEB-2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/gcfi-prt022221.php" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/gcfi-prt022221.php<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Article</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15519" class="">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15519<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Excerpts from release</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Two in five of the world's plant species are at risk of extinction. In the face of climate change, understanding why certain plant species are vulnerable to extinction while others prevail is more urgent than ever before.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">"Most researchers assume that plant populations respond to the climate within twelve months and only use this time window in their models to analyse plant responses," says first author Sanne Evers</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">However: "There are many ways in which climate during the dormant season, or climate that occurred few years in the past, can influence the survivorship, growth, and reproduction of plants. For example, species can grow substantially during the cold season, at least where the cold season temperature does not fall below 5° Celsius.</span><b class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">In addition, it might take multiple years for plants to die</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">after physiological damage from drought has occurred," says Aldo Compagnoni from iDiv and MLU and senior author of the paper.</span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">To investigate which combination of climate drivers and temporal window have the best predictive ability, the researchers used four exceptionally long-term data sets: "For these plant species, 15 to 47 years of data was available.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">The results were clear: In many cases, it can take several years for plants to respond to climate</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">.</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> "Plant responses to climate drivers that are lagged and/or outside of the growing season are the rule rather than the exception," says co-author Tiffany Knight, professor at MLU and UFZ and head of a research group at iDiv. </span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">While this study focuses on examining the effects of past climate on plants, there are important implications for understanding how plants will be affected by future climate change. </span></div><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><br class="">In England, the "wood crisis there has to be attributed to the requirements of expanding agriculture, industry and commerce, all stimulated by a growing, shifting population.”</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class="">“The population of England and Wales, about three million in the early 1530's, had nearly doubled by the 1690's. The resulting demand for wood for various purposes was further increased by changes in the distribution of the population.”</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class="">“ … although only one person in 10 was a townsman in the 1530s, one person in four was a townsman in the 1690s.”</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class="">John U. Nef. An Early Energy Crisis and Its Consequences. Scientific American November 1977</div></div>
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