<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2006</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">“Climate change is not a new topic in biology. ..... Observations of range shifts in parallel with climate change ... date back to the mid-1700s.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> “This review … deals exclusively with observed responses of <b class="">wild </b></span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">biological species and systems …."</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">"A surprising result is the high proportion of species responding to recent, relatively mild</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> climate change (global average warming of 0.6 C).The </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">proportion of wild species impacted by climate change was estimated at 41% of all species (655 of 1598).”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Parmesan, Camille. Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change. The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2006. 37: pp. 637–69.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">********************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2006</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">"Conservationists must therefore assess both current and future distributions of species.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Araújo and Rahbek. How does climate change affect biodiversity? Science 2006</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">********************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2007</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #231f20; background-color: #fffb00" class="">Climate has long been identified as a primary control on the geographic distribution of plants</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #231f20" class=""><b class="">.</b></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">(Forman 1964, Box 1981). Therefore, plant species may be expected to exhibit </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">marked redistributions</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> in response to climate change." </span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">"…. In addition, species are expected to be redistributed independently, forming new forest types with unique species combinations (Webb 1992, Williams et al. 2004).”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">McKenney et al. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of North American Trees. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Bioscience 2007</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2011 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Using a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""> species have recently shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade.</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> These rates are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Chen et al. Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming. Science 2011</span></div><p style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">**************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2012</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">“By the end of the 21st century, forest ecosystems in the United States will differ from those of today as a result of changing climate.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Climate change will alter ecosystem services, perceptions of value, and decisions regarding land uses.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Effects of climatic variability and change on forest ecosystems: </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">a comprehensive science synthesis for the U.S. General Technical </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Report PNW-GTR-870. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 265 p. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Vose, James M.; Peterson, David L.; Patel-Weynand, Toral. 2012. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/42610" class="">http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/42610</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*****************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2013 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">“The rate of warming implies … range shifts of up to several kilometers per year, </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">raising the prospect of daunting challenges for ecosystems …”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Diffenbaugh and Field. Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions. Science. 2013</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2015: </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">"If you are an organization that has focused on conserving particular species in a particular place, as many of today's conservation organizations are,</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> then something has to give—either you need to change your business model or revisit your conservation priorities. And neither is going to be easy for some of these groups," said Paul Armsworth, lead author and associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Full release:</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302105334.htm" class="">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302105334.htm</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*****************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2015</span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; min-height: 16px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Here we use climate projections under alternative mitigation scenarios to show how </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">changes in environmental variables that limit plant growth could impact ecosystems and people </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Mora C, Caldwell IR, Caldwell JM, Fisher MR, Genco BM, Running SW (2015) Suitable Days for Plant Growth Disappear under Projected Climate Change: Potential Human and Biotic Vulnerability. PLoS Biol 13(6): e1002167. </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">doi:10.1371/journal. pbio.1002167 </span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2016</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Climate change impacts have now been documented across every ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only ~1°C so far."</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Scheffers et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Science, 11 NOVEMBER 2016</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2017 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">“Human society has yet to appreciate the implications of </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">unprecedented species redistribution for life on Earth </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">…. Even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, th</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">e responses required in human systems to adapt to the most serious effects of climate-driven species redistribution would be massive.”</span></div><p style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Pecl et al. 2017. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science. 31 March 2017</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">If the past tempo of evolution for upper thermal limits continues, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">adaptive responses in thermal limits will have limited potential to rescue the large majority of species</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> given the unprecedented rate of contemporary climate change. </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Joanne M. Bennett et al. The evolution of critical thermal limits of life on Earth. Nature Communications. </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21263-8.pdf" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21263-8.pdf</a> </span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">*******************************************************</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">We show that the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (3-month period) </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">passed the thermal maximum for photosynthesis</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> during the past decade. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Katharyn A. Duffy et al. How close are we to the temperature tipping point of the terrestrial biosphere?<b class=""> </b>Science Advances 13 January 2021 </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/7/3/eaay1052.full.pdf" class="">https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/7/3/eaay1052.full.pdf</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">2021</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Book review : Under the Sky We Make. Kimberly Nicholas, PhD</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: #000000" class=""><b class="">Excerpt : </b></span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">Individual responsibility has become something of a flashpoint in the climate discourse. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">On the one hand, </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">oil companies <a href="https://grist.org/energy/footprint-fantasy/" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">love to harp on about</span></a> personal carbon footprints as a way of distracting from their much larger contributions to the climate crisis, both through the fossil fuel products they make and their longstanding, ongoing efforts to delay climate action and misinform the public. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">At the same time</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">, prominent journalists and scientists have waved off individual climate actions as a distraction from the systemic changes that are needed to solve the crisis — changes like overhauling our electricity and transit systems through governmental investments in clean energy, better regulation, and carbon pricing. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">They’re joined by</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> a growing chorus of climate justice advocates who rightly point out that asking poor people to make difficult dietary shifts or give up the car they need to get to work is completely unfair.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">That’s not what Nicholas is doing. Her message isn’t aimed at folks struggling to make ends meet, but at people making a middle-class income or higher who live in a wealthy country like the United States, Germany, or France. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class="">Far from a distraction, </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Nicholas argues that the climate impact of the carbon elite is something we need to focus on — individually and systematically. She points out that globally, more than two-thirds of climate pollution can be <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es803496a" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">attributed to household consumption</span></a>, and that</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #fffb00" class=""> the richest 10 percent of the world population — those making</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34432/EGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">more than $38,000 a year</span></a> — is responsible for about half of those emissions. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/" class="">https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Book review : Under the Sky We Make. Kimberly Nicholas, PhD</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><b class="">Excerpt : </b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Individual responsibility has become something of a flashpoint in the climate discourse. On the one hand, </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">oil companies <a href="https://grist.org/energy/footprint-fantasy/" class="">love to harp on about</a> personal carbon footprints as a way of distracting from their much larger contributions to the climate crisis, both through the fossil fuel products they make and their longstanding, ongoing efforts to delay climate action and misinform the public. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">At the same time</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, prominent journalists and scientists have waved off individual climate actions as a distraction from the systemic changes that are needed to solve the crisis — changes like overhauling our electricity and transit systems through governmental investments in clean energy, better regulation, and carbon pricing. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">They’re joined by</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> a growing chorus of climate justice advocates who rightly point out that asking poor people to make difficult dietary shifts or give up the car they need to get to work is completely unfair.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">That’s not what Nicholas is doing. Her message isn’t aimed at folks struggling to make ends meet, but at people making a middle-class income or higher who live in a wealthy country like the United States, Germany, or France. Far from a distraction, Nicholas argues that the climate impact of the carbon elite is something we need to focus on — individually and systematically. She points out that globally, more than two-thirds of climate pollution can be <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es803496a" class="">attributed to household consumption</a>, and that the richest 10 percent of the world population — those making <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34432/EGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3" class="">more than $38,000 a year</a> — is responsible for about half of those emissions. </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/" class="">https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/</a></span></div></div>
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