<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2006</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">“Climate change is not a new topic in biology. ..... Observations of range shifts in parallel with climate change ... date back to the mid-1700s.”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> “This review … deals exclusively with <b class="">observed</b> responses of <b class="">wild </b></span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">biological species and systems …."</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">"A surprising result is the high proportion of species responding to recent, relatively mild</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> climate change (global average warming of 0.6 C).The </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">proportion of wild species impacted by climate change was estimated at 41% of all species (655 of 1598).”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Parmesan, Camille. Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change. The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2006. 37: pp. 637–69.</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">********************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2006</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">"Conservationists must therefore assess both current and future distributions of species.”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Araújo and Rahbek. How does climate change affect biodiversity? Science 2006</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">********************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2007</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(35, 31, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">Climate has long been identified as a primary control on the geographic distribution of plants</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);"><b class="">.</b></span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">(Forman 1964, Box 1981). Therefore, plant species may be expected to exhibit </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">marked redistributions</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> in response to climate change." </span></p><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">"…. In addition, species are expected to be redistributed independently, forming new forest types with unique species combinations (Webb 1992, Williams et al. 2004).”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">McKenney et al. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of North American Trees. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Bioscience 2007</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2011 </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“Using a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"> species have recently shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade.</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> These rates are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Chen et al. Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming. Science 2011</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">**************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2012</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">“By the end of the 21st century, forest ecosystems in the United States will differ from those of today as a result of changing climate.”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“Climate change will alter ecosystem services, perceptions of value, and decisions regarding land uses.”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Effects of climatic variability and change on forest ecosystems: </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">a comprehensive science synthesis for the U.S. General Technical </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Report PNW-GTR-870. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 265 p. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Vose, James M.; Peterson, David L.; Patel-Weynand, Toral. 2012. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/42610" class="">http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/42610</a></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*****************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2013 </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">“The rate of warming implies … range shifts of up to several kilometers per year, </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">raising the prospect of daunting challenges for ecosystems …”</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Diffenbaugh and Field. Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions. Science. 2013</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2015: </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">"If you are an organization that has focused on conserving particular species in a particular place, as many of today's conservation organizations are,</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> then something has to give—either you need to change your business model or revisit your conservation priorities. And neither is going to be easy for some of these groups," said Paul Armsworth, lead author and associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Full release:</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302105334.htm" class="">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302105334.htm</a></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*****************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2015</span></div><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: normal; font-family: Times; min-height: 16px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></p><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Here we use climate projections under alternative mitigation scenarios to show how </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">changes in environmental variables that limit plant growth could impact ecosystems and people </span></p><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Mora C, Caldwell IR, Caldwell JM, Fisher MR, Genco BM, Running SW (2015) Suitable Days for Plant Growth Disappear under Projected Climate Change: Potential Human and Biotic Vulnerability. PLoS Biol 13(6): e1002167. </span></p><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">doi:10.1371/journal. pbio.1002167 </span></p><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2016</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“Climate change impacts have now been documented across every ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only ~1°C so far."</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Scheffers et al. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Science, 11 NOVEMBER 2016</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2017 </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">“Human society has yet to appreciate the implications of </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">unprecedented species redistribution for life on Earth </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">…. Even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, th</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">e responses required in human systems to adapt to the most serious effects of climate-driven species redistribution would be massive.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Pecl et al. 2017. Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science. 31 March 2017</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2021</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">If the past tempo of evolution for upper thermal limits continues, </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">adaptive responses in thermal limits will have limited potential to rescue the large majority of species</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> given the unprecedented rate of contemporary climate change. </span></p><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Joanne M. Bennett et al. The evolution of critical thermal limits of life on Earth. Nature Communications. </span></p><p class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21263-8.pdf" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21263-8.pdf</a> </span></p><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">*******************************************************</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2021</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">We show that the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (3-month period) </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">passed the thermal maximum for photosynthesis</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> during the past decade. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Katharyn A. Duffy et al. How close are we to the temperature tipping point of the terrestrial biosphere?<b class=""> </b>Science Advances 13 January 2021 </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/7/3/eaay1052.full.pdf" class="">https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/7/3/eaay1052.full.pdf</a></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">2021</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">Book review : Under the Sky We Make. Kimberly Nicholas, PhD</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b class="">Excerpt : </b></span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">Individual responsibility has become something of a flashpoint in the climate discourse. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">On the one hand, </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">oil companies <a href="https://grist.org/energy/footprint-fantasy/" class=""><span class="" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">love to harp on about</span></a> personal carbon footprints as a way of distracting from their much larger contributions to the climate crisis, both through the fossil fuel products they make and their longstanding, ongoing efforts to delay climate action and misinform the public. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">At the same time</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">, prominent journalists and scientists have waved off individual climate actions as a distraction from the systemic changes that are needed to solve the crisis — changes like overhauling our electricity and transit systems through governmental investments in clean energy, better regulation, and carbon pricing. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><br class=""></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">They’re joined by</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> a growing chorus of climate justice advocates who rightly point out that asking poor people to make difficult dietary shifts or give up the car they need to get to work is completely unfair.</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">That’s not what Nicholas is doing. Her message isn’t aimed at folks struggling to make ends meet, but at people making a middle-class income or higher who live in a wealthy country like the United States, Germany, or France. </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">Far from a distraction, </span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Nicholas argues that the climate impact of the carbon elite is something we need to focus on — individually and systematically. She points out that globally, more than two-thirds of climate pollution can be <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es803496a" class=""><span class="" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">attributed to household consumption</span></a>, and that</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"> the richest 10 percent of the world population — those making</span><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34432/EGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3" class=""><span class="" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">more than $38,000 a year</span></a> — is responsible for about half of those emissions. </span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/" class="">https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/</a></span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;"><span class="" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"></span><br class=""></div><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Book review : Under the Sky We Make. Kimberly Nicholas, PhD</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><b class="">Excerpt : </b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Individual responsibility has become something of a flashpoint in the climate discourse. On the one hand, </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">oil companies <a href="https://grist.org/energy/footprint-fantasy/" class="">love to harp on about</a> personal carbon footprints as a way of distracting from their much larger contributions to the climate crisis, both through the fossil fuel products they make and their longstanding, ongoing efforts to delay climate action and misinform the public. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">At the same time</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, prominent journalists and scientists have waved off individual climate actions as a distraction from the systemic changes that are needed to solve the crisis — changes like overhauling our electricity and transit systems through governmental investments in clean energy, better regulation, and carbon pricing. </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">They’re joined by</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> a growing chorus of climate justice advocates who rightly point out that asking poor people to make difficult dietary shifts or give up the car they need to get to work is completely unfair.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">That’s not what Nicholas is doing. Her message isn’t aimed at folks struggling to make ends meet, but at people making a middle-class income or higher who live in a wealthy country like the United States, Germany, or France. Far from a distraction, Nicholas argues that the climate impact of the carbon elite is something we need to focus on — individually and systematically. She points out that globally, more than two-thirds of climate pollution can be <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es803496a" class="">attributed to household consumption</a>, and that the richest 10 percent of the world population — those making <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34432/EGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3" class="">more than $38,000 a year</a> — is responsible for about half of those emissions. </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/" class="">https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/</a></span></div></div>
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