<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">First, this related update:</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CBMic2h0dHBzOi8vdGhlaGlsbC5jb20vY2hhbmdpbmctYW1lcmljYS9zdXN0YWluYWJpbGl0eS9jbGltYXRlLWNoYW5nZS81NTgwMzEtd29ybGRzLWJpZ2dlc3QtaW52ZXN0b3JzLWluLWNvbnRyb2wtb2YtNDHSAXdodHRwczovL3RoZWhpbGwuY29tL2NoYW5naW5nLWFtZXJpY2Evc3VzdGFpbmFiaWxpdHkvY2xpbWF0ZS1jaGFuZ2UvNTU4MDMxLXdvcmxkcy1iaWdnZXN0LWludmVzdG9ycy1pbi1jb250cm9sLW9mLTQxP2FtcA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">World's biggest investors, in control of $41 trillion, attack fossil fuels <span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">More than 400 investors, who collectively hold a third of the world's assets, are demanding governments end their support of fossil fuels and make significant strides </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff" class="">in cutting carbon emissions in the next decade.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class="">The Hill </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">June 11, 2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">==================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">NASA December 15, 2015</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Study: Climate change rapidly warming world's lakes</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Opening paragraphs :</b> Climate change is rapidly warming lakes around the world, threatening freshwater supplies and ecosystems, according to a new NASA and National Science Foundation-funded study of more than half of the world's freshwater supply.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Using more than 25 years of satellite temperature data and ground measurements of 235 lakes on six continents, this study — the largest of its kind — found lakes are warming an average of 0.61 degrees Fahrenheit (0.34 degrees Celsius) each decade. The scientists say this is </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">greater than the warming rate of either the ocean or the atmosphere,</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> and it can have profound effects.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The research, published in Geophysical Research Letters, was announced Wednesday at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">The rest of the story:</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(32, 32, 32); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2378/study-climate-change-rapidly-warming-worlds-lakes/" class="">https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2378/study-climate-change-rapidly-warming-worlds-lakes/</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">==================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Nature Communications Published 19 April 2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Phenological shifts in lake stratification under climate change</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(10, 82, 135); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22657-4#auth-R__Iestyn-Woolway" class="">R. Iestyn Woolway</a></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22657-4#auth-Sapna-Sharma" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">Sapna Sharma</span></a>, <a class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">[…]</span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22657-4#auth-Eleanor-Jennings" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">Eleanor Jennings</span></a> </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">OPEN ACCESS pdf</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22657-4.pdf" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22657-4.pdf</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">One of the most important physical characteristics driving lifecycle events in lakes is stratification. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Already subtle variations in the timing of stratification onset and break-up (phenology) are known to have major ecological effects, mainly by determining the availability of light, nutrients, carbon and oxygen to organisms. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Despite its ecological importance, historic and future global changes in stratification phenology are unknown. Here, we used a lake-climate model ensemble and long-term observational data, to investigate changes in lake stratification phenology across the Northern Hemisphere from 1901 to 2099. Under the high-greenhouse-gas-emission scenario, stratification will begin 22.0</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">±</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">7.0 days earlier and end 11.3</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">±</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">4.7 days later by the end of this century. It is very likely that this 33.3</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">±</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">11.7 day prolongation in stratification </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">will accelerate lake deoxygenation </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">with subsequent effects on nutrient mineralization and phosphorus release from lake sediments. Further misalignment of lifecycle events, with </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">possible irreversible changes for lake ecosystems, is also likely.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">==================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(10, 82, 135); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #1a1a1a" class="">Nature <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#article-info" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">Published: 02 June 2021</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(10, 82, 135); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><b style="color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class="">Widespread deoxygenation of temperate lakes</b></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(10, 82, 135); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#auth-Stephen_F_-Jane" class="">Stephen F. Jane</a></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#auth-Gretchen_J__A_-Hansen" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">Gretchen J. A. Hansen</span></a>, </span><span style="color: rgb(10, 82, 135); -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">[…]<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#auth-Kevin_C_-Rose" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(10, 82, 135);" class="">Kevin C. Rose</span></a></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The concentration of dissolved oxygen in aquatic systems helps to regulate biodiversity<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR1" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">1</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR2" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">2</span></a>, nutrient biogeochemistry<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR3" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">3</span></a>, greenhouse gas emissions<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR4" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">4</span></a>, and the quality of drinking water<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR5" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">5</span></a>. The long-term declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations in coastal and ocean waters have been linked to climate warming and human activity<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR6" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">6</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR7" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">7</span></a>, but little is known about the changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations in lakes. Although the solubility of dissolved oxygen decreases with increasing water temperatures, long-term lake trajectories are difficult to predict. Oxygen losses in warming lakes may be amplified by enhanced decomposition and stronger thermal stratification<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR8" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">8</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR9" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">9</span></a> or oxygen may increase as a result of enhanced primary production<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR10" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">10</span></a>. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Here we analyse a combined total of 45,148 dissolved oxygen and temperature profiles and calculate trends for 393 temperate lakes that span 1941 to 2017. We find that a decline in dissolved oxygen is widespread in surface and deep-water habitats. T</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">he decline in surface waters is primarily associated with reduced solubility under warmer water temperatures, although dissolved oxygen in surface waters increased in a subset of highly productive warming lakes, probably owing to increasing production of phytoplankton. By contrast, the decline in deep waters is associated with stronger thermal stratification and loss of water clarity, but not with changes in gas solubility. Our results suggest that climate change and declining water clarity have altered the physical and chemical environment of lakes.</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> Declines in dissolved oxygen in freshwater are 2.75 to 9.3 times greater than observed in the world’s oceans<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR6" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">6</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR7" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">7</span></a></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> and could threaten essential lake ecosystem services<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR2" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">2</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR3" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">3</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR5" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">5</span></a>,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03550-y#ref-CR11" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0a5287" class="">11</span></a>.</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div></body></html>