<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEFf78rFqdQAROLeFyDV7oBMqGQgEKhAIACoHCAowocv1CjCSptoCMPrTpgU?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Coal-fired power is on the rise in America for the first time since 2014</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMKHL9QowkqbaAg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">CNN</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 63, 219); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEAKOwpfGPbjauIyINzOtLpsqGQgEKhAIACoHCAow2Nb3CjDivdcCMP3ungY?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Faced with a power crisis, China may have ‘little choice’ but to ramp up coal consumption</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMNjW9wow4r3XAg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">CNBC</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiS2h0dHBzOi8vZmluYW5jZS55YWhvby5jb20vbmV3cy92aWV0bmFtcy1jb2FsLWZpcmVkLXBvd2VyLW1heS0wODA3NTI0OTEuaHRtbNIBU2h0dHBzOi8vZmluYW5jZS55YWhvby5jb20vYW1waHRtbC9uZXdzL3ZpZXRuYW1zLWNvYWwtZmlyZWQtcG93ZXItbWF5LTA4MDc1MjQ5MS5odG1s?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Vietnam's coal-fired power may double by 2030 under draft energy plan</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Yahoo Finance</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiVWh0dHBzOi8vbmJjbW9udGFuYS5jb20vbmV3cy9sb2NhbC9tb250YW5hLWFuZC13eW9taW5nLXNlZS1pbmNyZWFzZS1pbi1jb2FsLXByb2R1Y3Rpb27SAVlodHRwczovL25iY21vbnRhbmEuY29tL2FtcC9uZXdzL2xvY2FsL21vbnRhbmEtYW5kLXd5b21pbmctc2VlLWluY3JlYXNlLWluLWNvYWwtcHJvZHVjdGlvbg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Montana and Wyoming see increase in coal production</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">NBC Montana</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEI4gSPRylTEbgZwuw4PeddMqGQgEKhAIACoHCAow2Nb3CjDivdcCMIrzngY?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Coal is 'king' as gas prices soar, Total CEO says — and it's backfiring on cleaner energy goals</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMNjW9wow4r3XAg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">CNBC</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiECLRsXwV3FjrFcFW7EfW8AMqGQgEKhAIACoHCAow4uzwCjCF3bsCMIrOrwM?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Japan's Carbon Goal Is Based on Restarting 30 Nuclear Reactors</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMOLs8Aowhd27Ag?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Bloomberg</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917" class="">18-Oct-2021<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917" class=""><b class="">Climate change and human pressure mean animal migration may be “no longer worth it"</b><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917" class=""></a></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(63, 63, 63);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917" class="">Researchers have found that the benefits of animal migration have been eroded by the effects of climate change and human pressure.<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #3f3f3f" class=""></span></a></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931917<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Wildfire smoke pushes migrating birds hundreds of miles out of their way</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class="">‘I was glued to my computer for days, trying to figure out what these birds were doing, because it was so clearly, obviously, not normal.’</i></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; color: #094fd1" class=""><a href="https://www.hcn.org/author_search?getAuthor=Kylie%20Mohr&sort_on=PublicationDate&sort_order=descending" class=""><b class="">Kylie Mohr</b></a></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""> Oct. 21, 2021</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/north-wildfire-smoke-pushes-migrating-birds-hundreds-of-miles-out-of-their-way?" class="">https://www.hcn.org/articles/north-wildfire-smoke-pushes-migrating-birds-hundreds-of-miles-out-of-their-way?</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">1st 3 paragraphs </b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7)" class="">Four radio-collared Tule geese left their summer breeding grounds near Alaska’s Cook Inlet in the fall of 2020 to head south for the winter. The migration typically takes about four days: The birds fly over the Gulf of Alaska, stay about 100 miles offshore from Canada and skirt Vancouver Island. They stop briefly to float and rest on the Pacific Ocean a handful of times and then gather en masse at Summer Lake in central Oregon before making the final push to California’s Sacramento Valley. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Last summer, however, the migrating birds encountered dense wildfire smoke off the coast of British Columbia and over Washington — and that’s when their behavior got weird. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">One bird backtracked north almost 80 miles. Two spent nearly four days floating on the ocean before trying to head inland again; they ended up flying directly at the Beachie Creek Fire in Oregon and then climbing almost four times higher than usual to get over the huge plume of smoke. A fourth bird got turned around and headed much farther east than normal, all the way to Idaho. Tule geese typically prefer to overnight at wetlands, but these four stopped in bizarre locations instead, even landing once on the side of Mount Hood.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">According to a <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.3552" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(40, 83, 100);" class="">study released by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)</span></a> in early October, the birds’</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> 2020 migration took twice as long as the 2019 migration — nine days versus four — and they flew an additional 470 miles, all to avoid wildfire smoke. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The paper states that “megafires and thick smoke portend big problems for migratory birds,” as </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">wildfires increasingly coincide with the beginning of fall migration: There were 68 active fires in California, Oregon and Washington when the geese passed through.</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 10);" class=""> Lengthier migrations require more energy and take more time to recover from.</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> That could make it harder for the birds to reproduce, and even put them at risk of dying.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/north-wildfire-smoke-pushes-migrating-birds-hundreds-of-miles-out-of-their-way?" class="">https://www.hcn.org/articles/north-wildfire-smoke-pushes-migrating-birds-hundreds-of-miles-out-of-their-way?</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">——————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/10/first-came-global-warming-then-hurricanes-then-more-migratory-bird-deaths/&ct=ga&cd=CAEYCSoTNDE4NTM2MTI2MDY3NTU2MTUxODIaZWUxNmI3OWFhM2VmMDZkZjpjb206ZW46VVM&usg=AFQjCNG8OQq9UPwrkcGF2dnfWpkTMhUEtQ" class="">First came <b class="">global warming</b>. Then hurricanes. Then more migratory bird deaths? - Bulletin of ...</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(77, 77, 77); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(77, 77, 77); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">That's right: 400 million! Birds' annual migrations represent some of the most spectacular movements of <b class="">animals</b> on our planet, with enormous numbers of ...</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences Published:13 October 2021</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #a90024; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783" class="">https://</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class="">doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783</span></a></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Grand challenges in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in the era of science–policy platforms require explicit consideration of feedbacks</b></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class="">Mary I. O'Connor</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262526; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Akira S. Mori</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Andrew Gonzalez</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Laura E. Dee</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Michel Loreau</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Meghan Avolio</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Jarrett E. K. Byrnes</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">William Cheung</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Jane Cowles</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Adam T. Clark</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Yann Hautier</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Andrew Hector</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Kimberly Komatsu</span></a>, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Tim Newbold</span></a>, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #a90024; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">… See all authors </b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">OPEN ACCESS pdf</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783" class="">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2021.0783<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 37, 38); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Feedbacks are an essential feature of resilient socio-economic systems, yet the feedbacks between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing are not fully accounted for in global policy efforts that consider future scenarios for human activities and their consequences for nature. Failure to integrate feedbacks in our knowledge frameworks exacerbates uncertainty in future projections and potentially prevents us from realizing the full benefits of actions we can take to enhance sustainability. We identify six scientific research challenges that, if addressed, could allow future policy, conservation and monitoring efforts to quantitatively account for ecosystem and societal consequences of biodiversity change. Placing feedbacks prominently in our frameworks would lead to </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">(i)</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> coordinated observation of biodiversity change, ecosystem functions and human actions, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">(ii)</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> joint experiment and observation programmes, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">(iii) </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">more effective use of emerging technologies in biodiversity science and policy, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">and (iv)</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> a more inclusive and integrated global community of biodiversity observers. To meet these challenges, we outline a five-point action plan for collaboration and connection among scientists and policymakers that emphasizes diversity, inclusion and open access. Efforts to protect biodiversity require the best possible scientific understanding of human activities, biodiversity trends, ecosystem functions and—critically—the feedbacks among them.</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #fb0207" class="">—————————————————</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEEtfrU1vEBWyK9u4kqiKjqgqGQgEKhAIACoHCAowlv_6CjDu3vICMIHFoQY?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Plankton Is Undergoing a Global Migration, With Dire Consequences For The Food Web<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMJb_-gow7t7yAg?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">ScienceAlert<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CCAiC25jZC1uNnZkNXhJmAEB?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Climate change fuels drought, starvation worldwide | DW News<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">DW News</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">North American drought map - Released Oct 15, 2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/nadm/maps" class="">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/nadm/maps</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Severe Drought</b></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Grazing land is inadequate</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Fire season is longer, with high burn intensity, dry fuels, and large fire spatial extent</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Trees are stressed; plants increase reproductive mechanisms; wildlife diseases increase</span></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Extreme Drought</b></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Livestock need expensive supplemental feed; cattle and horses are sold; little pasture remains; fruit trees bud early; producers begin irrigating in the winter</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Fire season lasts year-round; fires occur in typically wet parts of state; burn bans are implemented</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Water is inadequate for agriculture, wildlife, and urban needs; reservoirs are extremely low; hydropower is restricted</span></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Exceptional Drought</b></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Fields are left fallow; orchards are removed; vegetable yields are low; honey harvest is small</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 4.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Fire season is very costly; number of fires and area burned are extensive</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 21, 21);" class=""><span style="background-color: #ffffff" class=""></span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Fish rescue and relocation begins; pine beetle infestation occurs; forest mortality is high; wetlands dry up; survival of native plants and animals is low; fewer wildflowers bloom; wildlife death is widespread; algae blooms appear</span></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Found at :</b> </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.drought.gov/topics/snow-drought" class="">https://www.drought.gov/topics/snow-drought</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEA3bd3_qPNpSIvPfMvWcycoqFggEKg4IACoGCAowl6p7MN-zCTCtvxU?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Scientists see a La Niña coming. What does that mean for the dry American south-west?<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBggKMJeqezDfswk?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">The Guardian<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020GH000244" class=""><b class="">Using Climate to Explain and Predict West Nile Virus Risk in Nebraska</b></a></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: #103cc0" class=""><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Smith%2C+Kelly+Helm" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Kelly Helm Smith</span></a></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Tyre%2C+Andrew+J" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class="">Andrew J. Tyre</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hamik%2C+Jeff" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class="">Jeff Hamik</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hayes%2C+Michael+J" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class="">Michael J. Hayes</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Zhou%2C+Yuzhen" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class="">Yuzhen Zhou</span></a> <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Dai%2C+Li" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class="">Li Dai</span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">First Published:</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617" class=""> 13 August 2020</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">A dry year preceded by a wet year in combination with warm temperatures increases the number of human cases of West Nile Virus in Nebraska</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 10);" class=""><span style="background-color: #ffffff" class=""></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">We found that drought accounted for 26% of WNV cases 2002–2018, and drought and temperature together accounted for 45% of cases</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617" class=""><b class="">READ ONLY epdf</b> <<<a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020GH000244" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class="">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020GH000244</span></a>>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Global Change Biology</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">West Nile virus is predicted to be more geographically widespread in New York State and Connecticut under future climate change</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(8, 64, 97);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Keyel%2C+Alexander+C" class="">Alexander C. Keyel</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #787878; background-color: #ffffff" class="">,<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Raghavendra%2C+Ajay" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Ajay Raghavendra</span></a>,<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Ciota%2C+Alexander+T" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Alexander T. Ciota</span></a>,<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Elison+Timm%2C+Oliver" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Oliver Elison Timm</span></a>,</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(8, 64, 97);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #787878; background-color: #ffffff" class="">First published: </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617; background-color: #ffffff" class="">15 August 2021</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15842" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class=""><b class="">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15842</b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(50, 51, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Abstract</span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The effects of climate change on infectious diseases are a topic of considerable interest and discussion. We studied West Nile virus (WNV) in New York (NY) and Connecticut (CT) using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model climate change scenario, which allows us to examine the effects of climate change and variability on WNV risk at county level. We chose WNV because it is well studied, has caused over 50,000 reported human cases, and over 2200 deaths in the United States. The ecological impacts have been substantial (e.g., millions of avian deaths), and economic impacts include livestock deaths, morbidity, and healthcare-related expenses. We trained two Random Forest models with observational climate data and human cases to predict future levels of WNV based on future weather conditions. The Regional Model used present-day data from NY and CT, whereas the Analog Model was fit for states most closely matching the predicted future conditions in the region. Separately, we predicted changes to mosquito-based WNV risk using a trait-based thermal biology approach (Mosquito Model). The WRF model produced control simulations (present day) and pseudo-global warming simulations (future). The Regional and Analog Models predicted an overall increase in human cases of WNV under future warming. However, the Analog Model did not predict as strong of an increase in the number of human cases as the Regional Model, and predicted a decrease in cases in some counties that currently experience high numbers of WNV cases. The Mosquito Model also predicted a decrease in risk in current high-risk areas, with an overall reduction in the population-weighted relative risk (but an increase in area-weighted risk). The Mosquito Model supports the Analog Model as making more realistic predictions than the Regional Model. All three models predicted a geographic increase in WNV cases across NY and CT.</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">14-Oct-2021<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262626" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">Climate change favors the spread of West Nile Virus in Europe<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262626" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(125, 125, 125);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">UNIVERSITAT AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7d7d7d" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATION<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7d7d7d" class=""></span></a></span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(63, 63, 63);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">Increases in temperatures as a result of climate change is favouring the transmission of the West Nile Virus (WNV) in parts of Europe, by creating more suitable conditions for the virus and its mosquito vectors to proliferate. This is the conclusion of a study by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB) that analyses the different reasons why the <span style="font-kerning: none; color: #3f3f3f; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">WNV has recently emerged as an important health concern in Europe due to its rapid spread. Scientists warn that the virus will spread to more northerly locations in Europe given a warming climate.</span></a></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(117, 117, 117);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">JOURNAL<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #757575" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(117, 117, 117);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class=""><i class="">One Health</i><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #757575" class=""><i class=""></i></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931647</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">——————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEOg4tVi5G8NIbvi3rOvLiWIqFwgEKg4IACoGCAowjKxcMOvhCzCU9KQB?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Lake Tahoe waters plummet due to drought and climate change<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(24, 25, 27);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBggKMIysXDDr4Qs?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Los Angeles Times<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #18191b" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class="">18-Oct-2021<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262626" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class="">Lakes are changing worldwide<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262626" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class=""></a></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(63, 63, 63);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class="">Worldwide, lake temperatures are rising and seasonal ice cover is shorter and thiner. This effects lake ecosystems, drinking water supply and fishing. International research led by Luke Grant, Inne Vanderkelen and Prof Wim Thiery of Vrije Universiteit Brussel now - for the first time - shows that these global changes in lake temperature and ice cover are not due to natural climate variability. They can only be explained by massive greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution. To prove this, the team has developed multiple computer simulations with models of lakes on a global scale, on which they ran a series of climate models. The researchers found clear similarities between the observed changes in lakes and model simulations of lakes in a climate influenced by greenhouse gas emissions. Besides measuring the historical impact of climate change, the team also analysed various future climate scenarios.<span style="font-kerning: none; color: #3f3f3f" class=""></span></a></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class=""></a></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/931452</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #000000" class="">Nature Geoscience </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0d3f74" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#article-info" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class="">Published: 15 April 2021</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(74, 74, 74); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Intensification of El Niño-induced atmospheric anomalies under greenhouse warming</b></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(13, 63, 116);" class=""><span style="color: #103cc0; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#auth-Kaiming-Hu" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">Kaiming Hu</span></a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #141414; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#auth-Gang-Huang" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(13, 63, 116);" class="">Gang Huang</span></a>, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#auth-Ping-Huang" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(13, 63, 116);" class="">Ping Huang</span></a>, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#auth-Yu-Kosaka" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(13, 63, 116);" class="">Yu Kosaka</span></a> & <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00730-3#auth-Shang_Ping-Xie" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(13, 63, 116);" class="">Shang-Ping Xie</span></a> </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></li>
</ul><p style="margin: 0px 0px 28px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a profound influence on global climate and ecosystems. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0f" class="">Determining how the ENSO responds to greenhouse warming is a crucial issue in climate science.</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> Despite recent progress in understanding, the responses of important ENSO characteristics, such as air temperature and atmospheric circulation, are still unknown. Here, we use a suite of global climate model projections to show that greenhouse warming drives a robust intensification of ENSO-driven variability in boreal winter tropical upper tropospheric temperature and geopotential height, tropical humidity, subtropical jets and tropical Pacific rainfall. These robust changes are primarily due to the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship, whereby saturation vapour pressure increases nearly exponentially with increasing temperature. Therefore, the vapour response to temperature variability is larger under a warmer climate. As a result, under global warming, even if the ENSO’s sea surface temperature remains unchanged, the response of tropical lower tropospheric humidity to the ENSO amplifies, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0f" class="">which in turn results in major reorganization of atmospheric temperature, circulation and rainfall. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">These findings provide a novel theoretical constraint for ENSO changes and reduce uncertainty in the ENSO response to greenhouse warming</span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiS2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnZpc3VhbGNhcGl0YWxpc3QuY29tL21hcHBlZC1odW1hbi1pbXBhY3Qtb24tdGhlLWVhcnRocy1zdXJmYWNlL9IBAA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen" class="">Mapped: Human Impact on the Earth's Surface</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(19, 19, 21); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Visual Capitalist</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(22, 22, 22); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""><i class="">SCIENCE ADVANCES. </i></b></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #4f4f4f" class="">13 Oct 2021</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3524" class="">DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3524<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(55, 55, 55);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(22, 22, 22); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Widespread vulnerability of flowering plant seed production to pollinator declines</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd3524#pill-con1" class="">JAMES G. RODGER</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #4f4f4f" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #4b4b4b" class=""> et al</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(75, 75, 75); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(22, 22, 22); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(22, 22, 22); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Despite evidence of pollinator declines from many regions across the globe, the threat this poses to plant populations is not clear because plants can often produce seeds without animal pollinators. Here, we quantify pollinator contribution to seed production by comparing fertility in the presence versus the absence of pollinators for a global dataset of 1174 plant species. We estimate that, without pollinators, a third of flowering plant species would produce no seeds and half would suffer an 80% or more reduction in fertility. Pollinator contribution to plant reproduction is higher in plants with tree growth form, multiple reproductive episodes, more specialized pollination systems, and tropical distributions, making these groups especially vulnerable to reduced service from pollinators. These results suggest that, without mitigating efforts, pollinator declines have the potential to reduce reproduction for most plant species, increasing the risk of population declines.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">—————————————————</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class=""><span style="background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class="">Soil Science Society of America Journal Version of Record Online:</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617" class=""> 11 October 2021</span></a></span></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""></a></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(127, 14, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""><b class="">Interactions between water flow and microplastics in silt loam and loamy sand</b><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7f0e1a" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Xing%2C+Xuguang" class="">Xuguang Xing</a>, <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Yu%2C+Miao" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class="">Miao Yu</span></a>, <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Xia%2C+Tianjiao" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class="">Tianjiao Xia</span></a>, <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Ma%2C+Li" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class="">Li Ma</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(99, 99, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Core Ideas</b></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Microplastic (MP) and water flow affect each other.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">More MP content causes larger water infiltration.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">MP particles of various sizes accumulate at different soil depths.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Different MP distributions are observed in silt loam and loamy sand.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Changes in MP number and concentration show inconsistency in silt loam.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 17px;" class=""></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type: none" class="">
<li style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(127, 14, 26);" class=""><span style="background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class=""></b><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7f0e1a" class=""><b class="">Abstract</b></span></a><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7f0e1a" class=""><b class="">Full text</b></span></a><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/saj2.20337" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7f0e1a" class=""><b class="">PDF</b></span></a><a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/saj2.20337#reference" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #7f0e1a" class=""><b class="">References</b></span></a></span></li>
</ul><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><font color="#ff2600" class="">————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————</font></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><font color="#ff2600" class=""><br class=""></font>"Ignorance of remote causes disposeth men to attribute all events to the causes immediate and instrumental: for these are all the causes they perceive."<br class=""><br class="">Thomas Hobbes</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class=""><font color="#ff2600" class="">———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————</font></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class="">“Teleconnections can be defined as linkages between climate anomalies at some distance from each other. </div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">"The large distances in space and the differences in timing between these anomalous events make it difficult for one to believe that one event (El Nino or La Nina) could possibly have influence on the other (e.g. drought in southern Africa or hurricanes in the tropical Atlantic). Nevertheless, physical and statistical research has shown that such linkages do exist.”<br class=""><br class="">Michael Glantz. Currents of Change : Impacts of El Nino and La Nina on Climate and Society. Cambridge University Press, 2001</div></div></div>
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