<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">“When we talk about being in a drought, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">the presumption is that eventually the drought will end, and conditions will return to normal,”</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> Stevenson said. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""><b class="">“But </b></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">if we’re never returning to normal, then we need to adapt all of the ways that we manage water with the expectation that<b class=""> </b></span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0b" class=""><b class="">normal will</b> <b class="">continually</b> be <b class="">drier and drier</b></span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> every year.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Full release</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/946384" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/946384</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(14, 36, 178); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(29, 29, 29); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(20, 20, 20); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Twenty-first century hydroclimate: A continually changing baseline, with more frequent extremes</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108124119" class="">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108124119</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">I have the Stevenson pdf</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">=====================================================================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">If there’s one thing Ebi wants to avoid, it’s thinking of this catastrophic heat wave as the “new normal,” which she calls “really misleading” as it actually underestimates the gravity of the situation. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">“It implies we’re going from one state to another state. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">We’re in a period when there’s going to be ongoing change for decades.</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0b" class="">“The new normal is not the current temperature. The new normal is the constant change.”</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/07/western-canada-burns-and-deaths-mount-after-worlds-most-extreme-heat-wave-in-modern-history/" class="">https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/07/western-canada-burns-and-deaths-mount-after-worlds-most-extreme-heat-wave-in-modern-history/<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">=====================================================================================</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">"Precipitation is just the supply side,"</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> said study coauthor Jason Smerdon, a Lamont-Doherty paleoclimatologist. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 16px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""><b class="">"Temperature</b> is on<b class=""> the demand side, the part that dries things out."</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 16px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">"If we don't see it coming in stronger in, say, the next 10 years, we might have to wonder whether we are right," said Marvel. </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 16px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">"But all the models are projecting that</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> <b class="">you should see unprecedented drying soon, in a lot of places."</b></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 16px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 233); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #262626" class=""><<<a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/eiac-ssf042919.php" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 233);" class="">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-05/eiac-ssf042919.php</span></a>>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Nature</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(9, 79, 209); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1149-8" class="">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1149-8<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(9, 79, 209);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(38, 38, 38); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">I have the pdf of this one too</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Recent Megafires Provide a Tipping Point for Desertification of Conifer Ecosystems</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">March 30, 10:00 - 11:00 MT</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class="">Presented by: </i><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/people/dneary" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(221, 38, 20);" class=""><i class="">Dan Neary</i></span></a></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Wildfires can produce significant hydrological and ecological impacts on forest, woodland, and grassland ecosystems depending on fire size, severity, duration, timing, fuel loads, and weather conditions. In the past several decades, wildfire conditions have changed from previous ones in the 20th Century. Wildfires are now burning larger areas in hotter, windier, and drier weather. In addition, the timeframe for these fires has expanded by four months in some regions to 12 months in fire-prone States like California. These large fires, known as megafires (greater than 40,000 acres) are burning more wildland areas every year. Some reach the giga-fire classification (405,000+ acres) with increasing frequency. These trends are contributing to increased desertification of forest lands. This presentation examines the role of these large fires in producing desertification of wildland ecosystems.</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 20px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(16, 60, 192); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="text-decoration: underline ; font-kerning: none" class=""><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/rmrs/events/science-you-can-use-spring-2022-webinar-series" class="">Information and link.</a></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 11px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); min-height: 11px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" class="">^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<div class=""><br class="">“Whereas any one line of evidence may be weak in itself, a number of lines of evidence, taken together and found to be consistent, reinforce one another exponentially.”<br class=""><br class="">Preston Cloud and Aharon Gibor. The Oxygen Cycle. <br class="">Scientific American, September 1970<br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""></div>
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