<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251);" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class="">Front Ecol Environ</i><b class=""><i class=""> </i></b>2021; doi:10.1002/fee.2377 </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">Managing for RADical ecosystem change: applying the Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework </b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Abigail J Lynch et al</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Ecosystem transformation involves the emergence of persistent ecological or social–ecological systems that diverge, dramatically and irreversibly, from prior ecosystem structure and function. Such transformations are occurring at increasing rates across the planet in response to changes in climate, land use, and other factors. Consequently, a dynamic view of ecosystem processes that accommodates rapid, irreversible change will be critical for effectively conserving fish, wildlife, and other natural resources, and maintaining ecosystem services. However, managing ecosystems toward states with novel structure and function is an inherently unpredictable and difficult task.</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> Managers navigating ecosystem transformation can benefit from considering broader objectives,</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #21ffff" class=""> beyond a traditional focus on <i class="">resisting </i>ecosystem change,</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">by also considering whether <i class="">accepting </i>inevitable change or <i class="">directing </i>it along some desirable pathway is more feasible (that is, practical and appropriate) under some circumstances (the RAD frame- work). By explicitly acknowledging transformation and implementing an iterative RAD approach, natural resource managers can be deliberate and strategic in addressing profound ecosystem change. </span></p><div class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-size: 11px;" class=""><b class="">\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\</b></span></p><div class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class="">Tree Physiology, </i>2023. Causes of widespread foliar damage from the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><i class="">Article </i>received June 8, 2022; accepted December 11, 2022</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class="">2 sample paragraphs</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">While Klein et al. focus on the Heat Dome as a driver of drought and its impacts on plant hydraulic function, it was among the most extreme heat waves ever recorded globally and the most intense in the observational record for the PNW region (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Thompson et al. 2022</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">). There is a clear distinction in the climate and hydrometeorological literature between droughts and heat waves, and distinguishing vegetation impacts from each is important. Heat waves are not just associated with droughts, as is commonly assumed, but are increasing in frequency during both wet and dry conditions (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Hao et al. 2013</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Teskey et al. 2015</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">). </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">While hydraulic damage is a well- established mechanism underlying drought-induced plant mortality (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Brodribb and Cochard 2009</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Hammond et al. 2019</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Sapes et al. 2019</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">), the exceptional temperatures experienced by trees during the Heat Dome must be considered, as extreme heat can be lethal to leaf tissues even with short exposure times (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Bigras 2000</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Teskey et al. 2015</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">O’sullivan et al. 2017</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">, </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Lancaster and Humphreys 2020</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">). </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Heat damage best explains crown- and landscape-scale scorch patterns observed across the PNW, along with the swift browning of canopies, though it does not exclude associated hydraulic damage as a contributor to the foliage scorch and especially to the subsequent mortality observed in some trees.</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""> One of the most certain predictions of climate models is an increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves with climate warming. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">The likelihood that extreme heat led to widespread foliar scorch and other tree impacts, from this event, argues for a renewed emphasis on understanding heat tolerance and the underlying physiological and biophysical mechanisms leading to greater heat resilience in tree species. Novel avenues that should be pursued include exploring connections between hydraulic properties and thermotolerance, such as safety margins (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">O’sullivan et al. 2017</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">), the importance of evolutionary lineages in structuring traits and environmental responses to heat (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0" class="">Anderegg et al. 2022</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">), </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">and whether forest canopies actually maintain canopy temperatures below damaging thresholds (</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #0000e0; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Still et al. 2022</span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">). </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Still et al. (2023) Causes of widespread foliar damage from the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome : more heat than drought.<i class=""> Tree Physiology,</i> 2023 </span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><br class=""></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(251, 2, 7);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-size: 11px;" class="">\<b class="">\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(8, 64, 97);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/16000587" class="">Ecography<span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Editor's Choice </span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(15, 118, 82); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(15, 118, 82);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Full Access</b></span></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 6px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 16.5px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(21, 22, 23);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><b class="">Microclimatic buffering in forests of the future: the role of local water balance</b></span></p><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); min-height: 12px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(8, 64, 97);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Davis%2C+Kimberley+T" class="">Kimberley T. Davis</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #787878; background-color: #ffffff" class="">, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Dobrowski%2C+Solomon+Z" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Solomon Z. Dobrowski</span></a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Holden%2C+Zachary+A" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Zachary A. Holden</span></a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Higuera%2C+Philip+E" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">Philip E. Higuera</span></a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Abatzoglou%2C+John+T" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class="">John T. Abatzoglou</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(8, 64, 97); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #787878" class="">First published: </span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617" class="">21 June 2018</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03836" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #084061" class=""><b class="">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03836</b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(8, 64, 97); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""><b class=""></b></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class="">Citations: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.03836#citedby-section" class=""><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">132</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(8, 64, 97);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ecog.03836" class=""><b class="">Read the full text</b><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><b class=""></b></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(25, 25, 25); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.03836" class="">PDF<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class=""></span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(99, 99, 99);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffffff" class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.03836#" class="">TOOLS</a></span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #151617; background-color: #ffffff" class=""> <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.03836#" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #636363" class="">SHARE</span></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(50, 51, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">Abstract</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(50, 51, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""></span><br class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(21, 22, 23); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Forest canopies buffer climate extremes and promote microclimates that may function as refugia for understory species under changing climate.</span><span style="font-kerning: none" class=""> However, the biophysical conditions that promote and maintain microclimatic buffering and its stability through time are largely unresolved. We posited that forest microclimatic buffering is sensitive to local water balance and canopy cover, and we measured this effect during the growing season across a climate gradient in forests of the northwestern United States (US). </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">We found that forest canopies buffer extremes of maximum temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with biologically meaningful effect sizes. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">For example, during the growing season, maximum temperature and VPD under at least 50% forest canopy were 5.3°C and 1.1 kPa lower on average, respectively, compared to areas without canopy cover. </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">Canopy buffering of temperature and vapor pressure deficit was greater at higher levels of canopy cover, and varied with water balance, implying that buffering effects are subject to changes in local hydrology. </span><span style="font-kerning: none" class="">We project changes in the water balance for the mid-21st century and predict how such changes may impact the ability of western US forests to buffer climate extremes. Our results suggest that some forests will lose their capacity to buffer climate extremes as sites become increasingly water limited. Changes in water balance combined with </span><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class="">accelerating canopy losses due to increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance will create potentially non-linear changes in the microclimate conditions of western US forests.</span></p><div class=""><span style="font-kerning: none; background-color: #ffff0a" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(255, 38, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">“A death zone is creeping over the surface of Earth, gaining a little more ground each year. </div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">As an analysis published this week in <i class="">Nature Climate Change</i> shows, since 1980, these temporary hells on Earth have opened up hundreds of times to take life (C. Mora <i class="">et al.</i> <i class="">Nature Clim. Change</i> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322" target="_blank" class=""><span style="color: rgb(92, 121, 150);" class="">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322</span></a>; 2017). </div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class="">“The analysis also reveals that even aggressive reductions in emissions will lead the number of deadly heatwaves to soar in the coming decades.</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" class=""><i class="">Nature</i> <b class="">546,</b> 452 (22 June 2017) doi:10.1038/546452a</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">Book review : <b class="">Under the Sky We Make</b>. Kimberly Nicholas, PhD</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 17px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><b class="">Excerpt : </b></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">Individual responsibility has become something of a flashpoint in the climate discourse. </span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">On the one hand, </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">oil companies <a href="https://grist.org/energy/footprint-fantasy/" class="">love to harp on about</a> personal carbon footprints as a way of distracting from their much larger contributions to the climate crisis, both through the fossil fuel products they make and their longstanding, ongoing efforts to delay climate action and misinform the public. </span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">At the same time</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">, prominent journalists and scientists have waved off individual climate actions as a distraction from the systemic changes that are needed to solve the crisis — changes like overhauling our electricity and transit systems through governmental investments in clean energy, better regulation, and carbon pricing. </span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);" class="">They’re joined by</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""> a growing chorus of climate justice advocates who rightly point out that asking poor people to make difficult dietary shifts or give up the car they need to get to work is completely unfair.</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class="">That’s not what Nicholas is doing. Her message isn’t aimed at folks struggling to make ends meet, but at people making a middle-class income or higher who live in a wealthy country like the United States, Germany, or France. Far from a distraction, Nicholas argues that <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">the climate impact of the carbon elite is something we need to focus on — individually </span><b style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">and </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">systematically</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">. She points out that globally, more than two-thirds of climate pollution can be </span><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es803496a" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">attributed to household consumption</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">, and that the richest 10 percent of the world population — those making </span><a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34432/EGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class="">more than $38,000 a year</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;" class=""> — is responsible for about half of those emissions. </span></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-height: 17px;" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(60, 56, 48); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(60, 56, 48); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;" class=""><a href="https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/" class="">https://grist.org/culture/cutting-your-carbon-footprint-matters-a-lot-if-youre-rich/</a></span></div>
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