<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class="article-cover" style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; padding-bottom: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Source Sans Pro", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><div class="title-box item-meta-data" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="journal-volume-issue-container item-meta-data__journal-volume-issue-container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h3 title="Annual Review of Environment and Resources" class="item-meta-data__journal container__journal-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; font-size: 20px; display: inline-block; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/energy" class="item-meta-data__journal-title-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); text-decoration: none; outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;">ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES</a></h3><a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102010" title="" class="item-meta-data__issue-title-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;"></a></div><div class="hidden-xs article-access-icon-and-access item-meta-data__accreditation" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h4 class="article-type item-meta-data__type" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(33, 52, 103); margin-top: 11px; margin-bottom: 11px; font-size: 14px; display: inline-block; padding-right: 5px;">Review Article</h4></div><h1 class="item-meta-data__item-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 31px; margin: 0px 0px 11px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.1; display: inline-block;">What Has Been Done to Reduce Luxury Consumption? A Global Review</h1><ul class="list-unstyled article-meta-data item-meta-data__article" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding-left: 0px; list-style: none;"><li class="data-author article-meta-data__item item-meta-data__author" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; unicode-bidi: plaintext; padding: 10px 0px 0px;"><span class="meta-value authors" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/search?value1=Minal+Pathak&option1=author&noRedirect=true&sortField=prism_publicationDate&sortDescending=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;">Minal Pathak</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">1</span>, <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/search?value1=Felix+Creutzig&option1=author&noRedirect=true&sortField=prism_publicationDate&sortDescending=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;">Felix Creutzig</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">2,3</span> and <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/search?value1=Dipti+Gupta&option1=author&noRedirect=true&sortField=prism_publicationDate&sortDescending=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;">Dipti Gupta</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">4</span></span></li><li class="data-author article-meta-data__item item-meta-data__author-affiliations" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; unicode-bidi: plaintext; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><div class="showhide spacing" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2px 0px;"><a id="showHideAffiliation" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102010#" role="button" class="std-display viewHideAffiliation js-showhide" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="showHideAffiliationContent" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out;"><span class="js-plus" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="fa fa-plus-circle" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-width: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"></span> <span class="underline" style="box-sizing: border-box;">View Affiliations</span></span></a></div></li><li class="article-meta-data__item item-meta-data__date-and-doi" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; unicode-bidi: plaintext; padding: 10px 0px;"><span class="meta-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;">Vol. 50</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102010" class="externallink meta-container meta-container__value item-meta-data__doi meta-container--doi hidden-xs" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(47, 94, 131); outline: currentcolor; transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 10px; font-weight: 700; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(165, 156, 168); line-height: 15px;">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102010</a></li>Review in Advance first posted online on August 25, 2025. 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border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) currentcolor currentcolor; border-image: initial; padding: 1rem 1rem 1rem 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: auto !important;"><div class="articleabstract" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div dir="auto" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="description" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 11px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 11px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3;">To date, international diplomacy and policy development around emissions reduction focuses largely on the difference between high-emitting and low-emitting countries. Overwhelming evidence across several countries shows a strong relationship between income, wealth, and emissions within countries. A nuanced exploration of emissions shows evidence of a great disparity across classes and income within high-, middle-, and low-income countries. As the window for opportunity to limit warming to 1.5°C closes, addressing luxury emissions may represent a high-impact mitigation strategy for two reasons: They represent a substantive proportion of emissions, and they serve as an aspirational model for other consumption classes, thus amplifying their destructive effect on emissions and the planet. However, there is limited understanding of the patterns of luxury consumption and thus the policies and regulations that can directly target these behaviors. This review leverages best available literature to explore the following questions: (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">a</span>) What are the patterns of consumption between income classes within and across regions\u2014are there commonalities in luxury consumption of the richest populations across regions? (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">b</span>) Is there evidence of policies or instruments that have targeted reducing emissions-intensive consumption? (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">c</span>) What are the initiatives or policies that shift such consumption toward less emission-intensive ones?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 11px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3;">Here, we identify four types of actions: (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">a</span>) economy-wide actions and policies, including ambitious taxes and pricing instruments that address emissions-intensive consumption and investments; (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">b</span>) measures targeting specific luxury consumption associated with higher income and wealth, such as flights or meat consumption; (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">c</span>) measures that educate and encourage behavior change among individuals that can influence change (as investors, individual consumers, or influencing role models); and (<span class="jp-italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">d</span>) societal measures to reduce inequality and promote well-being. Constraints to adopting these include lack of political will due to fear of public resistance, power structures within society, and resistance of the elites to changing the status quo. Other barriers include cultural norms, ideology, and habits that can often supersede environmental concerns, making it difficult to achieve success in the short run. However, emerging evidence shows countries and organizations are implementing a range of measures, including taxes, bans, guidelines, and information instruments, toward addressing high-emissions activities. While it is early to comment on their success in reducing luxury emissions, some of these measures do seem to show evidence of a shift in consumption patterns.</p></div></div></div></div></section><div><div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014</div><div><br></div><div>\u201cIt is not people in countries like Mozambique, Bangladesh, or Colombia who are the most responsible for this crisis.<br><br>"It is mostly down to people like you here in the audience ....<br><br>"Your individual carbon footprints are in some cases the equivalent of whole villages.<br><br>"And yes, I know we need a system change rather than individual change, but you cannot have one without the other.<br><br>https://www.straight.com/news/1258421/video-swedish-teenager-greta-thunberg-urges-wealthy-people-stop-stealing-others-carbon<br><br></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">\u201cIt is not people in countries like Mozambique, Bangladesh, or Colombia who are the most responsible for this crisis.<br><br>"It is mostly down to people like you here in the audience ....<br><br>"Your individual carbon footprints are in some cases the equivalent of whole villages.<br><br>"And yes, I know we need a system change rather than individual change, but you cannot have one without the other.<br><br>https://www.straight.com/news/1258421/video-swedish-teenager-greta-thunberg-urges-wealthy-people-stop-stealing-others-carbon<br><br></div>
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