<html aria-label="message body"><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div class="article-citation" style="caret-color: rgb(28, 29, 30); color: rgb(28, 29, 30); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.125rem;"><div class="citation" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="publicaitonContent-series-title" style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652486" title="Global Change Biology homepage" class="citation--logo" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; margin: 0.3125rem 0px; max-width: 100%;"></a></div><div class="doi-access-container clearfix" style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.625rem 0px; display: flex; align-items: center;"><span class="primary-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="primary-heading" style="box-sizing: border-box;">RESEARCH ARTICLE</span></span></div><h1 class="citation__title" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.875rem;"><font size="4">Respiration-Induced Weakening of Land Sink Contributed to the Largest CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">2</span> Increase in 2024</font></h1><div class="pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="publicaitonContent-versions" style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div class="loa-wrapper loa-authors hidden-xs desktop-authors" style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.9375rem 0px;"><div id="sb-1" class="accordion" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="comma__list" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="accordion-tabbed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Dang/Chaoya" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a1" data-db-target-for="a1" aria-controls="a1" aria-haspopup="true" id="a1_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chaoya Dang</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Shi/Zihua" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a2" data-db-target-for="a2" aria-controls="a2" aria-haspopup="true" id="a2_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zihua Shi</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Pe%C3%B1uelas/Josep" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a3" data-db-target-for="a3" aria-controls="a3" aria-haspopup="true" id="a3_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Josep Peñuelas</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Ciais/Philippe" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a4" data-db-target-for="a4" aria-controls="a4" aria-haspopup="true" id="a4_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Philippe Ciais</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Sitch/Stephen" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a5" data-db-target-for="a5" aria-controls="a5" aria-haspopup="true" id="a5_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Stephen Sitch</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Xiao/Jingfeng" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a6" data-db-target-for="a6" aria-controls="a6" aria-haspopup="true" id="a6_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jingfeng Xiao</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Li/Xing" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a7" data-db-target-for="a7" aria-controls="a7" aria-haspopup="true" id="a7_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Xing Li</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Ding/Yanfeng" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a8" data-db-target-for="a8" aria-controls="a8" aria-haspopup="true" id="a8_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Yanfeng Ding</span></a><span class="comma-separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: static; color: rgb(139, 139, 139); box-shadow: none;">, </span></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: medium; display: inline-block; position: relative;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Wang/Songhan" class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id="a9" data-db-target-for="a9" aria-controls="a9" aria-haspopup="true" id="a9_Ctrl" role="button" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; background-size: auto; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-origin: padding-box; background-clip: border-box; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(18, 61, 128); width: 100%; padding: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; line-height: 1.25rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Songhan Wang<span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-mail_outline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 1; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline-block; transition: transform 0.5s; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.1875rem; float: none; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1rem; font-family: icomoon !important;"></span></span></a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="epub-sections" style="font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.9375rem 0px; color: rgb(118, 118, 118);"><div class="epub-section" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 1; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.15; display: inline-block;"><span class="epub-state" style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre;">First published: </span><span class="epub-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(28, 29, 30);">01 April 2026</span></div> <div class="epub-section separator" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 1; margin: 0px; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.15; display: inline-block;"><a class="epub-doi" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70831" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; 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color: rgb(28, 29, 30); font-family: "Open Sans", icomoon, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 1.25rem;"><div class="abstract-group" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-left: 4px solid rgb(216, 217, 218);"><section class="article-section article-section__abstract" lang="en" data-lang="en" lang-name="English" id="section-1-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.03125rem 20px; margin-top: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 0.625rem;"><h3 class="article-section__header main abstractlang_en" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.9375rem; font-size: 1.5625rem; line-height: 1.2; display: inline-block; color: rgb(49, 49, 49);">ABSTRACT</h3><div class="article-section__content en main" style="box-sizing: border-box; scroll-margin-top: 4.0625rem; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.3125rem; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">In 2024, the global annual growth rate of atmospheric CO<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">2</span> (CGR) surged to a record of 3.73\u2009ppm\u2009year<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">\u22121</span>\u2014the highest since 1959\u2014exceeding the 1.5°C climate threshold for the first time. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">However, the drivers behind this unprecedented rise remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a machine-learning approach integrating satellite-derived gross primary productivity (GPP) and climatic data to estimate the 2024 land sink (S</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">LAND</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) at approximately 2.21\u2009±\u20090.25 GtC year</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">\u22121</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which had a striking decline of 1.01 GtC year</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;">\u22121</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> compared to the 2014\u20132023 average. The reduction in S</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">LAND</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, most pronounced in tropical regions, contributed ~50% to the 2024 CGR increase</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">\u2014a larger impact than that of fossil fuel emissions or ocean sinks. Moreover, using partial least squares structural equation modelling, we further explained the underlying mechanism for the reduction of the S<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;">LAND</span> in 2024, which was caused by</span><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);"> hotter and drier conditions leading to a larger increase in respiration than photosynthesis. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our findings underscore the urgent need to investigate the mechanisms behind the declining carbon sink amid persistent global greening. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 253, 255);">These results challenge previous assumptions about the long-term stability of the terrestrial carbon sink </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and highlight society's growing dependence on adaptive strategies to mitigate climate warming.</span></p></div></section></div></div><div>
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br>"The big challenge is still to deliver emissions reductions at the pace and scale needed, especially in a world where economies are driven by consumption.\u201d<br><br>Sonja van Renssen.The inconvenient truth of failed climate policies. Nature Climate Change MAY 2018<br><br>Published online: 27 April 2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0155-4 <br><br>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br>\u201cWhat we are witnessing is a temper tantrum against the mere suggestion that there are limits to what we can consume.\u201d <br><br>Naomi Klein<br>https://theintercept.com/2019/09/15/trump-straws-plastic/<br><br><br><br></div></div></div>
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